question

which two gases make up more than 95% of an inhaled breath?

answer

O2 and N2

question

what is the primary component of an exhaled breath?

answer

N2

question

which substance is not considered to be an air pollutant?

answer

N2

question

a particular sample of air is 2.5% water vapor. express the concentration of water vapor in parts per million (ppm)

answer

25000 ppm

question

the EPA limit for CO is 9 ppm. express this number as a percentage

answer

0.0009%

question

what is the most appropriate concentration unit used to express the concentration of a pollutant that has a concentration of 0.00004%?

answer

ppm

question

what two factors are considered when determining the risk assessment for air pollutants?

answer

toxicity and exposure

question

when assessing the risk of an air pollutant, which does not play a role in considering someone's exposure to the pollutant?

answer

the toxicity of the pollutant

question

which formula below describes why oxygen is necessary for animals cellular respiration?

answer

C6H12O6 + 6O2-> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

question

of five major gaseous components of air, which is the only one to vary significantly in concentration from place to place and from day to day?

answer

water vapor

question

air is a(n)

answer

mixture

question

ozone is considered an air pollutant in the _______ but is a valuable protective layer in the _______

answer

troposphere; stratosphere

question

the EPA limit for CO is 9 ppm. express this number as a percentage

answer

0.0009%

question

what is the most appropriate concentration unit used to express the concentration of a pollutant that has a concentration of 0.00000015%?

answer

ppb

question

which pollutant is present in air as particulate matter?

answer

soot

question

what two factors are considered when determining the risk assessment for air pollutants?

answer

toxicity and exposure

question

which process does not involve a chemical change?

answer

boiling water

question

a(n) _________ is a fixed number of atoms held together by chemical bonds in a certain spatial arrangement

answer

molecule

question

diamonds and graphite are examples of

answer

allotropes

question

how many protons, neutrons, and electrons are there in a neutral atom of F (19, 9)

answer

protons: 9, neutrons: 10, electrons: 9

question

elements in the same column of the periodic table tend to have similar chemical and physical properties because they have the same number of

answer

valence electrons

question

the nucleus of an atom contains

answer

protons only

question

what distinguishes the atoms of one element from another?

answer

the number of protons

question

isotopes of an element have the same number of ______, but different numbers of ________

answer

protons; neutrons

question

when only one pair of shared electrons is involved in a covalent bond, the linkage is called a _____ bond

answer

single

question

the mass number of an isotope of an element is the

answer

sum of the number of its protons and neutrons

question

it is the ______ electrons that account for many of the chemical and physical properties of elements

answer

outermost

question

the speed of light in air

answer

is independent of the wavelength and frequency of light

question

DNA, the genetic material of living organisms, is damaged by light in the

answer

ultraviolet region, especially below a wavelength of 320 nm

question

the ozone hole is most prominent on the earth over

answer

antarctica

question

which contributes to the ozone hole?

answer

chloroflurocarbons (CFCs)

question

ozone in our atmostphere is important because it

answer

absorbs some UV radiation

question

wavelength is the

answer

distance between successive peaks in a wave

question

as the ozone hole gets more pronounced, with time, one expects the incidence of skin cancer to

answer

increase worldwide

question

the montreal protocol is a

answer

treaty to reduce the amount of CFCs produced in the world

question

what is the relationship between stratospheric levels of atomic chlorine and ozone?

answer

as chlorine increases, ozone deceases

question

in the periodic table, which elements typically have similar properties?

answer

those in the same columns

question

in the atmosphere over the earth, where is the region with the highest concentration of ozone?

answer

stratosphere

question

what distinguishes the atoms of one element from another?

answer

the number of protons

question

the atomic number is the

answer

number of protons in the nucleus

question

increasing wavelength of light goes in this order:

answer

ultraviolet> visible> infrared

question

the mass number of an isotope of an element is the

answer

sum of the number of its protons and neutrons

question

single bonds, double bonds, and triple bonds

answer

have 2, 4 and 6 shared electrons, respectively

question

in reference to waves, frequency is the

answer

number of waves passing a fixed point in one second

question

decreased stratospheric ozone concentrations may lead to

answer

increased incidences of melanomas, a decreased production of crops such as wheat, sorghum, and peas, an increased occurrence of cataracts (all of the above)

question

which product of the ultraviolet decomposition of CFCs acts as the catalyst for ozone decomposition?

answer

chlorine atoms

question

determine the shape or geometry of PH3 (use the periodic table)

answer

trigonal pyramidal

question

scientists have correlated average global temperature with atmospheric carbon dioxide levels for the last 160,000 years using ice cores from Antarctica. how is the carbon dioxide level determined?

answer

by measuring the CO2 concentration in trapped gases in the ice layers

question

the greenhouse effect refers to the process by which

answer

atmospheric gases trap and return infrared radiation radiated by earth

question

what is the effect of infrared energy on matter?

answer

it increases the vibration of chemical bonds

question

the internationally accepted atomic mass standard is carbon- 12 because this isotope

answer

was arbitrarily selected as a convenient standard

question

which atmospheric component does not contribute to global warming?

answer

N2

question

what is the effect of infrared energy on matter?

answer

is increases the vibration of the chemical bonds

question

neither N2 nor O2 are greenhouse gases because

answer

their overall electric charge distribution does not change when they vibrate

question

find the molar mass of ethanol, C2H6O

answer

46.07 g/mol

question

what international agreement attempted to reduce greenhouse gas emissions?

answer

kyoto protocol

question

determine the molar mass for fluoxetine (C16H16F3NO)

answer

295.3 g/mol

question

how many atoms are present in 0.375 mol of palladium (Pd) atoms?

answer

2.26 x 10^23

question

which conclusion was considered "very likely" in the 2001 report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change?

answer

the 1990s were the warmest decade of the century

question

ethanol (C2H6O) is a common intoxicant and fuel produced from the fermentation of various grains, how many moles of ethanol are represented by 50.0 kg of ethanol?

answer

1.09 x 10^3

question

hydrogen gas (H2) is a promising alternative to fossil fuels. how many molecules are present in 1.0 kg of hydrogen gas?

answer

3.0 x 10^26

question

the carbon cycle refers to the

answer

movement of carbon through living organisms, the atmosphere, the sea, and the earth

question

identify the single most effective strategy to reduce carbon dioxide emissions

answer

develop alternative energy sources that do not rely on fossil fuels

question

where is most of the carbon on earth stored?

answer

in the form of fossil fuels and carbonate minerals and rocks

question

which characteristics pertain to the problem of global warming?

answer

possible consequences include altered climate and increased sea level & heat energy radiated by the earth is captured by atmospheric molecules

question

both the clinton and bush (the younger) administrations have been unwilling to sign the Kyoto Protocol. what has been their primary objection to the treaty?

answer

developing countries are not required to control greenhouse gas emissions

question

the energy of motion is called

answer

kinetic energy

question

the energy that flows from a warmer body to a colder body is called

answer

heat

question

the property of matter that determines the direction of heat flow is the

answer

temperature

question

the first law of thermodynamics states that

answer

energy is neither created nor destroyed

question

how is heat energy used to generate electricity in a modern power plant?

answer

heat boils water to make steam, which drives a turbine

question

the degree of randomness in position or energy is called the

answer

entropy

question

in which example is the entropy of the initial state greater than the entropy of the final state?

answer

liquid water freezes into ice

question

in which example is the entropy of the initial state lower than the entropy of the final state?

answer

a pot of water boils to produce water vapor at 100 degrees C

question

which is a correct statement of the second law of thermodynamics?

answer

in any natural process, the entropy of the universe must increase

question

combustion is a chemical process in which a fuel combines with ______ to release energy and form products

answer

oxygen

question

in an exothermic chemical reaction

answer

heat is released as the reaction proceeds

question

the energy need to initiate a chemical reaction is called the

answer

activation energy

question

any chemical or physical change that absorbs energy

answer

is an endothermic process

question

the degree of randomness in position or energy is called the

answer

entropy

question

which common process is endothermic?

answer

the production of oxygen by photosynthesis

question

in a typical power plant, the combustion of a fuel is used to boil water. the steam then causes a turbine to spin, at this stage the potential energy of the fuel has been transformed into _______ energy of the spinning turbine

answer

mechanical

question

combustion is a chemical process in which a fuel combines with _________ to release energy and form products

answer

oxygen

question

which is not a known advantage of natural gas over other fossil fuels?

answer

it is far more abundant than any other fossil fuel

question

which is a fossil fuel?

answer

natural gas

question

the energy that flows form a warmer body to a colder body is called

answer

heat

question

in the petroleum industry, what does a refinery do?

answer

it separates crude oil into fractions consisting of compounds with similar boiling points

question

the first law of thermodynamics states that

answer

energy is neither created nor destroyed

question

how is heat energy used to generate electricity in a modern power plant?

answer

heat boils water to make steam, which drives a turbine

question

which is a correct statement of the second law of thermodynamics?

answer

in any natural process, the entropy of the universe must increase

question

which factor did not play a major role in the formation of fossil fuels from plant matter?

answer

an abundance of sunlight

question

advertising claims sometimes state that adding something mechanical to a car's engine will allow it to recover 100% of the energy that comes from burning gasoline, you should be skeptical of such claims because they violate the

answer

second law of thermodynamics

question

which is not true about energy conservation within the United States?

answer

over the past two decades, industrial production has increased substantially, whereas the associated energy consumption has gone down

question

compounds wth the same molecular formulas but different molecular structures are called

answer

isomers

question

the energy stored in the chemical bonds of fossil fuels is a form of _____ energy

answer

potential

question

what percentage of Earth's water is in the oceans?

answer

97.4%

question

what is an aquifer?

answer

a large pool of water trapped in sand and gravel below the surface of the earth

question

which correctly describes groundwater?

answer

any water taken from aquifers; usually free from harmful contaminants

question

what is the molarity of sodium chloride in a solution containing 0.50 mol of sodium chloride in 500 mL of water?

answer

1.0 M

question

which best symbolizes the hydrogen bonding between two water molecules?

answer

the picture of the electron bonding to the molecule

question

a polar covalent bond is created when

answer

two atoms share their bonding electrons unequally

question

the fact that carbon (c) is less electronegative than nitrogen (N) means that in a C-N bond, the

answer

shared electrons are closer to the N atom than to the C atom

question

numbers 1 through 4 are used to identify four different elements. Based on periodic table trends, which number identifies the element that is expected to have the greatest tendency to attract a shared pair of electrons?

answer

element 3 (has 7 valence electrons)

question

the correct name for CuO is

answer

copper (II) oxide

question

most polyatomic ions

answer

have a negative charge

question

a student wants to prepare exactly 250 mL of a 0.500 M aqueous potassium hydroxide solution. What mass of potassium hydroxide (molar mass = 56.10 g/mol) must the student dissolve in the 250 mL of solution?

answer

7.01 g

question

which covalent bond is the most polar?

answer

H-O

question

generally, the water that has the least harmful contaminants is

answer

groundwater from aquifers

question

how many moles of sodium chloride are there in 250 mL of a 1.20 M sodium chloride solution?

answer

0.30

question

which compound is most soluble in water?

answer

the compound with 3 oxygens, 16 hydrogens, and 7 carbons

question

5: which statement is not true?

answer

in forming a solution, the solute dissolves other substances that are called solvents

question

potable water is water that

answer

is fit for human consumption

question

a 0.25 M solution of the sugar sucrose C12H22O11, in water is tested for conductivity using the type of apparatus shown (look at it it's number 16 on the chapter 5 test) what do you predict will happen?

answer

the bulb will not light up. Sucrose is in the molecular form in aqueous solution

question

the attractions between anions and cations throughout a crystal are known collectively as

answer

ionic bonds

question

which corresponds to the composition of the ion typically formed by fluorine?

answer

9 protons, 10 electrons, 1- net charge

question

which is the correct Lewis structure of a chlorine atom and the ion that chlorine forms?

answer

atom: 7 valence electrons. ion: 8 valence electrons and a negative charge

question

what is the molarity of sodium chloride in a solution containing 0.25 mol of sodium chloride in 500 mL of water?

answer

0.50 M

question

the numbers 1 through 4 are used to identify four different elements on the periodic table. Which element is expected to have a 2+ charge when it forms an ion?

answer

the one in the 2nd column

question

what is the formula of the ionic compound formed from magnesium, Mg, and chlorine, Cl?

answer

MgCl2

question

the main reason that water supplies are "chlorinated" is

answer

to kill disease-causing organisms in the water

Multiple Choice Ch. 1-5 Tests/ Quizes – Flashcards

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