Multiple Choice Ch. 1-5 Tests/ Quizes – Flashcards
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the EPA limit for CO is 9 ppm. express this number as a percentage
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0.0009%
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what is the most appropriate concentration unit used to express the concentration of a pollutant that has a concentration of 0.00004%?
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ppm
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what two factors are considered when determining the risk assessment for air pollutants?
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toxicity and exposure
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when assessing the risk of an air pollutant, which does not play a role in considering someone's exposure to the pollutant?
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the toxicity of the pollutant
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which formula below describes why oxygen is necessary for animals cellular respiration?
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C6H12O6 + 6O2-> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
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of five major gaseous components of air, which is the only one to vary significantly in concentration from place to place and from day to day?
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water vapor
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air is a(n)
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mixture
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ozone is considered an air pollutant in the _______ but is a valuable protective layer in the _______
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troposphere; stratosphere
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the EPA limit for CO is 9 ppm. express this number as a percentage
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0.0009%
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what is the most appropriate concentration unit used to express the concentration of a pollutant that has a concentration of 0.00000015%?
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ppb
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which pollutant is present in air as particulate matter?
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soot
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what two factors are considered when determining the risk assessment for air pollutants?
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toxicity and exposure
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which process does not involve a chemical change?
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boiling water
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a(n) _________ is a fixed number of atoms held together by chemical bonds in a certain spatial arrangement
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molecule
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diamonds and graphite are examples of
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allotropes
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how many protons, neutrons, and electrons are there in a neutral atom of F (19, 9)
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protons: 9, neutrons: 10, electrons: 9
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elements in the same column of the periodic table tend to have similar chemical and physical properties because they have the same number of
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valence electrons
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the nucleus of an atom contains
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protons only
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what distinguishes the atoms of one element from another?
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the number of protons
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isotopes of an element have the same number of ______, but different numbers of ________
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protons; neutrons
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when only one pair of shared electrons is involved in a covalent bond, the linkage is called a _____ bond
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single
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the mass number of an isotope of an element is the
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sum of the number of its protons and neutrons
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it is the ______ electrons that account for many of the chemical and physical properties of elements
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outermost
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the speed of light in air
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is independent of the wavelength and frequency of light
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DNA, the genetic material of living organisms, is damaged by light in the
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ultraviolet region, especially below a wavelength of 320 nm
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the ozone hole is most prominent on the earth over
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antarctica
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which contributes to the ozone hole?
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chloroflurocarbons (CFCs)
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ozone in our atmostphere is important because it
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absorbs some UV radiation
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wavelength is the
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distance between successive peaks in a wave
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as the ozone hole gets more pronounced, with time, one expects the incidence of skin cancer to
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increase worldwide
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the montreal protocol is a
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treaty to reduce the amount of CFCs produced in the world
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what is the relationship between stratospheric levels of atomic chlorine and ozone?
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as chlorine increases, ozone deceases
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in the periodic table, which elements typically have similar properties?
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those in the same columns
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in the atmosphere over the earth, where is the region with the highest concentration of ozone?
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stratosphere
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what distinguishes the atoms of one element from another?
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the number of protons
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the atomic number is the
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number of protons in the nucleus
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increasing wavelength of light goes in this order:
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ultraviolet> visible> infrared
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the mass number of an isotope of an element is the
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sum of the number of its protons and neutrons
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single bonds, double bonds, and triple bonds
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have 2, 4 and 6 shared electrons, respectively
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in reference to waves, frequency is the
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number of waves passing a fixed point in one second
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decreased stratospheric ozone concentrations may lead to
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increased incidences of melanomas, a decreased production of crops such as wheat, sorghum, and peas, an increased occurrence of cataracts (all of the above)
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which product of the ultraviolet decomposition of CFCs acts as the catalyst for ozone decomposition?
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chlorine atoms
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determine the shape or geometry of PH3 (use the periodic table)
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trigonal pyramidal
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scientists have correlated average global temperature with atmospheric carbon dioxide levels for the last 160,000 years using ice cores from Antarctica. how is the carbon dioxide level determined?
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by measuring the CO2 concentration in trapped gases in the ice layers
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the greenhouse effect refers to the process by which
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atmospheric gases trap and return infrared radiation radiated by earth
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what is the effect of infrared energy on matter?
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it increases the vibration of chemical bonds
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the internationally accepted atomic mass standard is carbon- 12 because this isotope
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was arbitrarily selected as a convenient standard
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which atmospheric component does not contribute to global warming?
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N2
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what is the effect of infrared energy on matter?
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is increases the vibration of the chemical bonds
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neither N2 nor O2 are greenhouse gases because
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their overall electric charge distribution does not change when they vibrate
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find the molar mass of ethanol, C2H6O
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46.07 g/mol
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what international agreement attempted to reduce greenhouse gas emissions?
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kyoto protocol
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determine the molar mass for fluoxetine (C16H16F3NO)
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295.3 g/mol
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how many atoms are present in 0.375 mol of palladium (Pd) atoms?
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2.26 x 10^23
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which conclusion was considered "very likely" in the 2001 report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change?
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the 1990s were the warmest decade of the century
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ethanol (C2H6O) is a common intoxicant and fuel produced from the fermentation of various grains, how many moles of ethanol are represented by 50.0 kg of ethanol?
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1.09 x 10^3
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hydrogen gas (H2) is a promising alternative to fossil fuels. how many molecules are present in 1.0 kg of hydrogen gas?
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3.0 x 10^26
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the carbon cycle refers to the
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movement of carbon through living organisms, the atmosphere, the sea, and the earth
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identify the single most effective strategy to reduce carbon dioxide emissions
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develop alternative energy sources that do not rely on fossil fuels
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where is most of the carbon on earth stored?
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in the form of fossil fuels and carbonate minerals and rocks
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which characteristics pertain to the problem of global warming?
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possible consequences include altered climate and increased sea level & heat energy radiated by the earth is captured by atmospheric molecules
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both the clinton and bush (the younger) administrations have been unwilling to sign the Kyoto Protocol. what has been their primary objection to the treaty?
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developing countries are not required to control greenhouse gas emissions
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the energy of motion is called
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kinetic energy
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the energy that flows from a warmer body to a colder body is called
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heat
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the property of matter that determines the direction of heat flow is the
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temperature
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the first law of thermodynamics states that
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energy is neither created nor destroyed
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how is heat energy used to generate electricity in a modern power plant?
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heat boils water to make steam, which drives a turbine
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the degree of randomness in position or energy is called the
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entropy
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in which example is the entropy of the initial state greater than the entropy of the final state?
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liquid water freezes into ice
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in which example is the entropy of the initial state lower than the entropy of the final state?
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a pot of water boils to produce water vapor at 100 degrees C
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which is a correct statement of the second law of thermodynamics?
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in any natural process, the entropy of the universe must increase
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combustion is a chemical process in which a fuel combines with ______ to release energy and form products
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oxygen
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in an exothermic chemical reaction
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heat is released as the reaction proceeds
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the energy need to initiate a chemical reaction is called the
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activation energy
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any chemical or physical change that absorbs energy
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is an endothermic process
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the degree of randomness in position or energy is called the
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entropy
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which common process is endothermic?
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the production of oxygen by photosynthesis
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in a typical power plant, the combustion of a fuel is used to boil water. the steam then causes a turbine to spin, at this stage the potential energy of the fuel has been transformed into _______ energy of the spinning turbine
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mechanical
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combustion is a chemical process in which a fuel combines with _________ to release energy and form products
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oxygen
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which is not a known advantage of natural gas over other fossil fuels?
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it is far more abundant than any other fossil fuel
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which is a fossil fuel?
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natural gas
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the energy that flows form a warmer body to a colder body is called
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heat
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in the petroleum industry, what does a refinery do?
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it separates crude oil into fractions consisting of compounds with similar boiling points
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the first law of thermodynamics states that
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energy is neither created nor destroyed
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how is heat energy used to generate electricity in a modern power plant?
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heat boils water to make steam, which drives a turbine
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which is a correct statement of the second law of thermodynamics?
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in any natural process, the entropy of the universe must increase
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which factor did not play a major role in the formation of fossil fuels from plant matter?
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an abundance of sunlight
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advertising claims sometimes state that adding something mechanical to a car's engine will allow it to recover 100% of the energy that comes from burning gasoline, you should be skeptical of such claims because they violate the
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second law of thermodynamics
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which is not true about energy conservation within the United States?
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over the past two decades, industrial production has increased substantially, whereas the associated energy consumption has gone down
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compounds wth the same molecular formulas but different molecular structures are called
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isomers
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the energy stored in the chemical bonds of fossil fuels is a form of _____ energy
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potential
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what percentage of Earth's water is in the oceans?
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97.4%
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what is an aquifer?
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a large pool of water trapped in sand and gravel below the surface of the earth
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which correctly describes groundwater?
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any water taken from aquifers; usually free from harmful contaminants
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what is the molarity of sodium chloride in a solution containing 0.50 mol of sodium chloride in 500 mL of water?
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1.0 M
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which best symbolizes the hydrogen bonding between two water molecules?
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the picture of the electron bonding to the molecule
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a polar covalent bond is created when
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two atoms share their bonding electrons unequally
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the fact that carbon (c) is less electronegative than nitrogen (N) means that in a C-N bond, the
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shared electrons are closer to the N atom than to the C atom
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numbers 1 through 4 are used to identify four different elements. Based on periodic table trends, which number identifies the element that is expected to have the greatest tendency to attract a shared pair of electrons?
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element 3 (has 7 valence electrons)
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the correct name for CuO is
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copper (II) oxide
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most polyatomic ions
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have a negative charge
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a student wants to prepare exactly 250 mL of a 0.500 M aqueous potassium hydroxide solution. What mass of potassium hydroxide (molar mass = 56.10 g/mol) must the student dissolve in the 250 mL of solution?
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7.01 g
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which covalent bond is the most polar?
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H-O
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generally, the water that has the least harmful contaminants is
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groundwater from aquifers
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how many moles of sodium chloride are there in 250 mL of a 1.20 M sodium chloride solution?
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0.30
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which compound is most soluble in water?
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the compound with 3 oxygens, 16 hydrogens, and 7 carbons
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5: which statement is not true?
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in forming a solution, the solute dissolves other substances that are called solvents
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potable water is water that
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is fit for human consumption
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a 0.25 M solution of the sugar sucrose C12H22O11, in water is tested for conductivity using the type of apparatus shown (look at it it's number 16 on the chapter 5 test) what do you predict will happen?
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the bulb will not light up. Sucrose is in the molecular form in aqueous solution
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the attractions between anions and cations throughout a crystal are known collectively as
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ionic bonds
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which corresponds to the composition of the ion typically formed by fluorine?
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9 protons, 10 electrons, 1- net charge
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which is the correct Lewis structure of a chlorine atom and the ion that chlorine forms?
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atom: 7 valence electrons. ion: 8 valence electrons and a negative charge
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what is the molarity of sodium chloride in a solution containing 0.25 mol of sodium chloride in 500 mL of water?
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0.50 M
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the numbers 1 through 4 are used to identify four different elements on the periodic table. Which element is expected to have a 2+ charge when it forms an ion?
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the one in the 2nd column
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what is the formula of the ionic compound formed from magnesium, Mg, and chlorine, Cl?
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MgCl2
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the main reason that water supplies are "chlorinated" is
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to kill disease-causing organisms in the water
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