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Bebop

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Started in early 1940's Harlem, bebop marked the changing of jazz from dance focused music to listening focused music.

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Minton's Playhouse

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site of many celebrated early bebop sessions starting place of Thelonious Monk

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Clark Monroe's Uptown House

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site of early bebop sessions, owned by onetime tap dancer Clark Monroe, called Dark Gable

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The Street

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cluster of clubs in tiny narrow basements on 52nd between fifth and sixth avenue

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The Street clubs

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The Onyx The Downbeat The Famous Door Kelly's Stables Jimmy Ryans

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Bebop ensemble

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five pieces: trumpet, sax, piano, bass, and drums

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Bebop musical characteristics

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deliberately un-danceable rhythm arrangements consisted only of a melody played in unison by horns in between solos

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Bebop rhythm

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syncopated and unpredictable. bass drum used to drop bombs. free form piano playing. rhythmically complex melodies

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Bebop Harmony

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heavy reharmonization and chord substitution

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Bebop Melody

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more complex and challenging often outgrowths of improvisations heavy use of flatted 5th interval

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Bebop repertoire

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due to unwillingness to pay royalties, bebop records were often made with independent small record companies and consisted solely of original tunes/though these were often jazz standards with new melodies

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Characteristics of Bebop

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High-spirited, joyful music small, five piece ensemble simple arrangements emphasis on improvised solos extreme tempos reharmonization/chord substitution unpredictable flatted 5th melodies new repertoire based on jazz standards

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The most influential architects of bebop

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Charlie Parker Dizzy Gillespie Thelonious Monk the three often played together

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Charlie Parker

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1920-1955, alto sax/composer from Kansas City began gigging at 15 originally awful, revolutionized his style in summer 1937 difficult life, starting heroin at 17

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Charlie Parker's nickname

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Bird, because while on tour the band's car hit a chicken, which Charlie had cooked and then ate at their next stop.

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Bird's major NYC influence

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Art Tatum in Jimmy's Chicken Shack

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first major bebop recordings

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by Charlie Parker at the Three Deuces on 52nd Street

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Bird's bad influence on jazz....

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many younger musicians began experimenting with heroin, in the belief that its influence would help them play like Bird, starting an epidemic in the jazz world

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Birdland

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venue opened with a live radio broadcast of Parker playing. First club named after a jazz musician

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Massey Hall incident

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Bird had to borrow a plastic saxophone, he had sold his own to pay off drug debts

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Dizzy Gillespie

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1917-1993, Trumpet/composer/bandleader Born John Birks Gillespie

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Gillespie's Nickname

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during a two year stay with the Cab Calloway Orchestra starting in 1939, Gillespie's original and explosive style coupled with clowning and pranks earned him the name Dizzy

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Dizzy "The Schoolmaster"

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earned name schoolmaster because of the informal sessions he often help with musicians regarding bop chord progressions

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first bebop recording session

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Dizzy Gillespie and Coleman Hawkins recording of "Woody'n You"

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Afro-Cuban

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started by Gillespie and Chano Pozo, describes big band music with latin rhythms and percussion

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Characteristics of Afro-Cuban

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Complex latin rhythms combined with bebop melody and improv percussion such as bongos, congas, and timbales originally used by big bands, now in ensembles of all sizes

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Thelonious Sphere Monk

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1917-1982, Piano/Composer self taught pianist, early stride influence house pianist at Minton's Playhouse reclusive personality heavy influence on bop harmony

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first Monk recording contract

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1947 with upstart label Blue Note, labeled as High Priest of Bop

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Characteristics of Monk

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sparse, percussive and dissonant playing rhythmic phrasing, offbeat often performed with a quartet of drums, bass, and tenor sax

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Five Spot

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Greenwich Village nightspot where Monk made a triumphant return with a young John Coltrane

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Odd habits of Monk

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animated stage presencem walking through the audience often while waving his hands fetish for exotic hats

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Bud Powell

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1924-1966, Piano/Composer protege of Monk

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Kenny Clarke

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drummer, founder of modern jazz drumming

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Charlie Christian

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Electric guitar. discovered by John Hammond, played in the Benny Goodman orchestra. first great electric guitarist to focus on single note runs rather than rhythm playing

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Max Roach

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drums/composer/bandleader melodic and polyrhythmic

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Dexter Gordon

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tenor sax

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Theodore Fats Navarro

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Trumpet

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Tadd Dameron

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piano, arranger, composer

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oscar peterson

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piano

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jj johnson

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trombone

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during the bebop era, jazz was replaced by

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rhythm and blues as popular music, as it was more easy to dance to and commercial

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Moldy Figs vs Moderns

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1947 article by Barry Ulanov which coined the term that has been used ever since to describe those who refuse to keep up with modern trends

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trad jazz

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New Orleans revival of traditional jazz during the war between figs and moderns

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Billy Eckstine

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Singer/Bandleader of the Sepia Sinatra all star group that played big band bebop, yet few recordings exist due to the recording ban

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Claude Thornhill

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Piano/Bandleader orchestral jazz, using french horns inspiration for miles davis

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Woody Herman

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clarinet/bandleader started as a swing band, played bebop inspired modern arrangements

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Stan Kenton

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Piano/composer/bandleader wide variety of tunes with progressive arrangement conducted many jazz clinics

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Ella Fitzgerald

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widely regarded as greatest scat singer in history of jazz first hired by Chick Webb after an amateur singing competition rare female band leader developed scat technique with Dizzy Gillespie

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Sarah Vaughan

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vocalist of Billy Eckstine orchestra from 1944 to 45 "sassy" fine pianist

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Eddie Jefferson

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perfected vocalese, adding witty lyrics to existing jazz instrumental melodies

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Lambert, Hendricks, and Ross

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first to apply bop harmonies and performance to vocal ensemble singing

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Demise of 52nd Street

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after the war ended, police cracked down on the rampant crime on The Street, and the opening of elaborate Broadway jazz clubs killed the scene

MUHL 368 – History of Jazz: Ch.7 – Bebop – Flashcards

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