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Fifteenth and Sixteenth century Europe

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-Uprising of criticism of organized religion because of the invention of the printing press and the widespread printing of the bible in the vernacular and not in Latin -Renaissance: 1) women became better educated and started writing and becoming artists 2) realism in painting -Transatlantic exploration -Humanist period of thought

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syntax

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The way in which words are put together to form phrases

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semantics

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The study of the meaning of individual words

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phonology

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study of speech, sound, and lexicon

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lexicon

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the vocabulary of language

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biographical approach to literacy

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assessed in a historical context and connections are made between author, the work, and various actions and events unique to their personal history

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Elizabethan age in England

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-The Elizabethan era of Queen Elizabeth I's reign (1558-1603) -golden age in English history "English renaissance" -plays reflect Greek tragedy appealing to general public - not focused on politics, religion, social, or ideologistic themes

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Pindar's Olympian i

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choral ode to a Sicilian ruler, it is a "lyric"

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Euripides Medena

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based on classical greek tragedy, based on the myth of jason and medea

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Sophocles Antigone

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classical greek tragedy - The play expands on the Theban legend that predated it and picks up where Aeschylus' Seven Against Thebes ends.

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Homer's The Odyssey

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The first "epic" style greek tragedy written - story of Odysseus a greek soldier journeying back to his home after the Trojan War

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dramatic form "the comedy"

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amuse or delight the audience and the action in a comedy ends happily

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allegory

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represents abstract concepts as characters

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foreshadowing

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anticipate action or event that is likely to occur by referring to it delicately or indirectly

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aside

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breaks from the action of a play and lets a character speak to him or herself in an undertone or to the audience directly without the other characters hearing

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myths

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supernatural or godlike beings tend to explain how something came to exist

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fairy tales

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contains some element of magic like charms or spells

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tall tales

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description of outlandish or highly improbable actions or events - related to fairy tale

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simile

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comparison using like or as

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hyperbole

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emphasis, exaggeration, or overstatement

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metaphor

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describes a subject by asserting that it is, on some point of comparison, the same as another otherwise unrelated object

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Nineteenth century women's movement vs. twentieth century women's movement

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twentieth century women were much more likely to challenge the misconception that women had to chose between being a mom and working. 19thers would not marry instead. - Both movements focused on expanding educational opportunities for women, demanding voting rights, and sought to establish union like organizations for support

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purpose of articles of confederation

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Even when not yet ratified, the Articles provided domestic and international legitimacy for the Continental Congress to direct the American Revolutionary War, conduct diplomacy with Europe and deal with territorial issues and Indian relations.

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purpose of U.S. Constitution

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provided for a much stronger national government with a chief executive (the president), courts, and taxing powers.

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Northwest Ordinanace

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making territorial govenments in the west

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California Gold Rush

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1848-1850 when discovery of cold in california people flocked the territory, substantially increasing the population

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Railroad construction in the U.S.

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linked California to the eastern regions opened in 1869

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The Mexican War

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armed conflict between the United States of America and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered part of its territory despite the 1836 Texas Revolution.

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Chinese immigration to the U.S.

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Lured by the news of gold but only formed a small fraction of the population growth during the gold rush

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Red Scare in the U.S.

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after WWII - claim that large number of communist had secured positions in various government agencies, particularly the state departmnet

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U.S. following WWII

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Economic boom in the early 70's

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Senator Joseph McCarthy

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Republican - Wisconsin - wanted to increase federal governments authority to limit the civil rights of U.S. citizens

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Progressive Era

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During the presidential administrations of Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and Franklin D. Roosevelt, the govenment enacted a wide reform measuring dealing with abuses of corporate power, labor rights, unemployment, farm poverty. Believed Government should be used to correct social problems like inequalities of wealth distribution and immigration

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The New Deal

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The New Deal was a series of economic programs enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1936. They involved presidential executive orders or laws passed by Congress during the first term of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The programs were in response to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the "3 Rs": Relief, Recovery, and Reform. That is, Relief for the unemployed and poor; Recovery of the economy to normal levels; and Reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression.[

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purpose of democratic government

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promote general welfare by protecting individual liberties, supporting education, and providing for those in need.

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Purpose of Bureaucratic initiatives

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Enhance the operation of the government

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Speaker of the House

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Presiding officer over the house of representatives, and is second in line of succession of president

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Supreme Court

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It has ultimate (and largely discretionary) appellate jurisdiction over all federal courts and over state court cases involving issues of federal law, and original jurisdiction over a small range of cases.[1] The Court, which meets in the United States Supreme Court Building in Washington, D.C., consists of a chief justice and eight associate justices who are nominated by the President and confirmed by the United States Senate. Once appointed, justices have life tenure unless they resign, retire, or are removed after impeachment.[2][3]

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President's cabinet

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The cabinet is made up of the heads of the 15 major department of the executive branch of government . The vice-president and UN ambassador are sometimes included. The departments of state, justice, treasury, defense and perhaps homeland security

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Congress

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The legislative branch (or Congress) is divided into two parts called the House of Representatives and the Senate. These two bodies must both approve any laws before Congress passes them. Congress also has the power to impeach the president if it so chooses.

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direct democracy

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people themselves - not their representative- enact laws and make all major governmental decisions

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Capitalism

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things (property, for example) are owned by people or an individual, not by a government or communities, and where people have to work for money, so they can buy things they need or want, such as food. Capitalism mostly has a "free market" economy, which means people buy and sell things by their own judgment.

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Role of grand jury

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review evidence presented by prosecutor to determine whether there is probable cause in a criminal case to bring an indictment and take the case to trial

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Industrial Revolution

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Began in Great Britain in 1830 characterized by developments in textiles, iron and steam led by Britain, to differentiate it from a 'second' revolution of the 1850s onwards, characterized by steel, electrics and automobiles led by the US and Germany.

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Early civilization of Mesoamerica

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-mesoamericans relied on corn, beans, and squash for protein. -Did not domesticate animals -used mild metal tools for imporvemnets -used long distance trade networks

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Early civilization of Near East and China

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-relied on wheat, rice, millet, barley, and lentils for protein. -did domesticate animals -make extensive use of metal tools -used long distance trade networks

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specialization

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separation of tasks within a system

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diffusion

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process by which ideas, products, abd innovative practices spead over a geographical area

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interdependence

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relationships in which two or more groups or societies are dependent upon one another

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acculturation

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process by which a culture group adopts the traits of a host society to which it has immigrated

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Connecticut river valley

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Annual flooding gives it rich soils, created over millenia, making it known as the most productive agricultural region in MA. Recieves more rainfall than anywhere else

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The Berkshires

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Hilly mountains region with limited lains

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southeastern Massachusetts

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lowland region

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Human dispersity across the globe

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most people live between 20-60 degrees north latitude where the climate is mild.

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prime meridian

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-vertical line extending fro the North Pole to the South Pole and passes through England Spain and W. Africa -represents 0 degrees longitude -starting point for measuring longitude east and west of the line which is of vital importance for navigation and geopositioning

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equator

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horizontal line extending through the center of the globe representing 0 degrees latitude

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180 degree meridian

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-used to demarcate the Eastern and Western hemispheres

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Lake Quinsigamond

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natural bvody of water situated between Worchester and Shrewsbury in central MA - used primarily for recreation purposes

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Quabbin Reservoir

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largest body of water in MA and is a mjaor physical feature and source of water for Boston and 40 other comunities in the Greater Boston area

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Knightville reservoir

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formed as a flood control measure by damming of the East Branch of the Westfield river in Hungington MA

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Lake Cochituate

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in Middlesex county did supply water to Boston for many years but was not formed for that purpose

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Mitochondria

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-rod-shaped organelles that provide cells and thus the body with energy -site of cellular respiration in which substances, primarily gluclose, are converted in the presence of oxygen to adenosine triphosphate ATP which provides energy for cellular activites

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photosynthesis

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process by which plants, and some other organisms, use solar energy to convert water H20 and carbon dioxide C02 into surgars that can be used to proivde energy to cells. This process gives off oxygen as a waste product

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animal cells

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eukaryotic cells with complex structures within membranes that separate interior and exterior of the cells. Contains a cytoplasm with cell membranes as well as ribosomes that make proteins from amino acids

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plant cells

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same as animal except it has a rigid cell wall outside the cell membrane that provides structural support and protection to the cell

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pesticide resistance

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results from adaptation of organisms to a pesticide are likely to survive and pass on that genetic trait to their offspring

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chemical bonding

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happens during the formation of molecular compounds through covalent and ionic bonding

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ionic bonds

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transfer of electrons between molecules

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covalent bonds

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sharing of electrons between molecules

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when salt is dissolved in water

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it forms sodium and choloride ions that beocme essentially surrounded by water molecules. The volume of water does not increase but the mass of the solution increases which also increases density

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weight - physics

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force created when a mass is acted upon by gravity

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momentum - physics

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product of mass and velocity - not related to inertia

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mass - physics

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both a measure of quantity of matter in an object and a measure of an objects resistance to changing its state of motion when acted upon by an outside force

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acceleration - physics

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rate of an objects change in velocity over time

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Isaac Newton's law of inertia

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states than an object will continue in its state of rest or motion unless acted upon by an outside force

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temperature - physics

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measure of the average kinetic movement energy of the molecules in a substnace. At higher temperatures molecules move faster

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evaporation and precipitation - physics

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evaporation is a cooling process while precipitation is a heating process. The total amount of atmospheric water vapor remains relatively constant, meaning that precipitation amounts offset water vapor added by evaporation and transipitation

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weathering of rocks in northeasters U.S.

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The cycling freezing and thawing f water that has seeped into fractures in rock outcrops is known as frost wedging. This is a major agent pf physical weathering in cold climates. As water freezed it expands and increased the size of the fracture, eventually helping break the rock apart over many years

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solar eclipse

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occurs when the moon passes between the sun and earth and all three are on the same plane, causing the sun to seeminingly disappear and the daytime sky to darken.

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vernal or autumnal equinox

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when the moon's orbit is closets to the earth

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summer solstice

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The summer solstice occurs exactly when the axial tilt of a planet's semi-axis in a given hemisphere is most inclined towards the star that it orbits.

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order of the planets

answer

MVEMJSUNP

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venus characteristics

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-similar in size to the earth -rotates very slowly -dense atmosphere of most carbon dioxide

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uranus characteristics

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-third largest planet -thick atmosphere that absorbs red-light, making the planet appear blue

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jupiter characteristics

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-largest planet -atmosphere made mostly of helium and hydrogen

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mars characteristics

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-mass is 1/10 that of the earth -thin atmosphere that is 95% carbon dioxide

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Annie Jump Cannon

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early twentieth century astronomer who catalouged the spectra of over 225,000 stars. Her most significant contribution to society was carefully categorized spectra of light emmitted from stars, allowing others who followed to build off her work

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development of integrated circuits

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developed in 1950 and replaced vacuum tubes led most directly to the development of smaller faster and less expensive computers and devices like cell phones

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Carolus Linnaeus

answer

developed taxonomy for classifying organisms and is known as the foundation for modern biological nomenclature

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Nicolaus Copernicus

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led to a fundamental shift in thinking about the place of humans in the universe. He first proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system where the planets revolve around the sun

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securing the validity of scientific experiments

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improve reliability of the results of an investigation by repeating an experiment several times and recording differences in the data

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Battle of Yorktown

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led by George Washington and cornwall

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The Epic - literary style

answer

narrative poem that chronicles on a grand scale the adventures of a heroic figure, who is often a warrior

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