MT: Ch.14 – Lymphatic & Immune Sytems – Flashcards
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antigen
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Substance that the body recognizes as foreign; evokes an immune response. Most antigens are proteins or protein fragments found on the surface of bacteria, viruses, or organ transplant tissue cells.
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axillary nodes
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Lymph nodes in the armpit (underarm).
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B cell (B lymphocyte)
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Lymphocyte that originates in the bone marrow and transforms into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies. The B refers to the bursa of Fabricius, an organ in birds in which B cell differentiation and growth were first noted to occur.
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cervical nodes
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Lymph nodes in the neck region.
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complement system
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Proteins in the blood that help antibodies and T cells kill their target.
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cytokines
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Proteins that aid and regulate the immune response. Examples are interferons and interleukins.
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cytotoxic T cells CD8+cell or T8 cell
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T lymphocyte that directly kills foreign cells (CD8+ cell or T8 cell)
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dendritic cell
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Specialized macrophage that digests foreign cells and helps B and T cells to mark antigens for destruction.
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helper T cell CD4+ cell or T4 cell
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Lymphocyte that aids B cells and cytotoxic T cells in recognizing antigens and stimulating antibody production; also called CD4+ or T4 cell.
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immunity
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Body's ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins. This includes natural immunity and acquired immunity.
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immunoglobulins
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Antibodies (gamma globulins) such as IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM, and IgD that are secreted by plasma cells in response to the presence of an antigen.
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immunotherapy
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use of immune cells, antibodies, or vaccines to treat or prevent disease.
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inguinal nodes
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Lymph nodes in the groin region.
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interferons
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Proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells to aid and regulate the immune response.
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interleukins
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Proteins (cytokines) that stimulate the growth of B adn T lymphocytes.
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interstitial fluid
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Fluid in the spaces between cells. This fluid becomes lymph when it enters lymph capillaries.
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lymph
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Thin, watery fluid found within lymphatic vessels and collected from tissues throughout the body. Latin lympha means clear spring water.
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lymph capillaries
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Tiniest lymphatic vessels.
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lymphoid organs
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Lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland.
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lymph node
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A collection of stationary solid lymphatic tissue along lymph vessels.
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lymph vessel
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Carrier of lymph throughout the body; lymphatic vessel empty lymph into veins in the upper part of the chest.
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macrophage
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Large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body.
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mediastinal nodes
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Lymph nodes in the area between the lungs in the thoracic (chest) cavity.
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monoclonal antibody
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Antibody produced in a laboratory to attack antigens and to destroy cells. It is useful in immunotherapy.
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natural immunity
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Protection that an individual inherit to fight infection.
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plasma cell
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Lymphocyte that produces and secretes antibodies. It originates from B lymphocytes.
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right lymphatic duct
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Large lymphatic vessel in the chest that receives lymph from the upper right part of the body.
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spleen
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Organ near the stomach that produces, stores, and eliminates blood cells.
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suppressor T cell
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Lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of B and T lymphocytes. Also called a Treg (regulatory T cell).
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tolerance
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The ability of T lymphocytes to recognize and accept the body's own antigens as "self" or friendly. Once tolerance is established, the immune system will not react against the body.
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thoracic duct
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Large lymphatic vessel in the chest that receives lymph from below the diaphragm and from the left side of the body above the diaphragm; it empties the lymph into veins in the upper chest.
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thymus gland
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Organ in the mediastinum that conditions T lymphocytes to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response.
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tonsils
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Mass of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx.
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toxin
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Poison; a protein produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants.
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vaccination
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Exposure of an individual to foreign protein (antigen) that provokes an immune response. The response will destroy any cell that possesses the antigen on its surface and will protect against infection. The term comes from the Latin vacca, cow--the first inoculations were given with organisms that caused the disease cowpox to produce immunity to smallpox.
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vaccine
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Weakened or killed microorganisms, toxins, or other proteins given to induce immunity to infection or disease.
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cell-mediated immunity
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An immune response involving T cells lymphocytes; antigens are destroyed by direct action of cells, as opposed to by antibodies
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humoral immunity
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The production of antibodies by plasma (formerly B) cells.
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COMBINING FORMS, PREFIXES, AND SUFFIXES
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Combining Forms, Prefixes, and Suffixes page 556 - 557 and page 575 (Review)
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immun/o
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protection autoimmune disease, immunoglobulin, immunosuppression,
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lymph/o
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lymph lymphopoiesis, lymphedema, lymphocytopenia, lymphocytosis, lymphoid
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lymphaden/o
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lymph node (gland) lymphadenoopathy, lymphadenitis,
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splen/o
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spleen splenomegaly, splenectomy, asplenia, hypersplenism
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thym/o
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thymus gland thymoma, thymectomy
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tox/o
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poison toxic
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ana-
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again, anew anaphylaxix
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inter-
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between interstitial fluid
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axill/o
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axillary
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cervic/o
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cervix
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inguin/o
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groin
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-cytosis
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condition of cells; slight increase in numbers
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-edema
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swelling
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-globulin
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protein
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-megaly
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enlargement
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-oid
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resembling; derived from
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-pathy
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disease; emotion
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-penia
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deficiency
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-phylaxis
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protection
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-poiesis
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formation
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-stitial
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pertaining to standing or positioned
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-suppression
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stopping
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ana-
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up; apart; backward; again, anew
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auto-
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self, own
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hyper-
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above; excessive
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inter-
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between
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retro-
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behind; back; backward
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TERMINOLOGY
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Terminology page 556 - 557
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autoimmune disease
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Chronic, disabling diseases caused by the abnormal production of antibodies against normal body tissues.
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immunoglobulin
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Protein that protects.
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immunosuppression
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Suppression of the immune response.
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lymphopoiesis
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Formation of lymph.
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lymphedema
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Interstital fluid collects within the spaces between cells as result of obstruction o lymphatic vessels and notes.
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lymphocytopenia
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A deficiency of lymph cells.
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lymphoid
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Derived from lymph; lymphoid organs include lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland.
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lymphadenopathy
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Disease of the lymph nodes.
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lymphadenitis
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Inflammation of the lymph nodes.
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splenomegaly
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Enlargement of the spleen.
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splenectomy
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Surgical removal of the spleen.
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asplenia
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Absence of a spleen; may be congenital or a result of surgery.
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hypersplenism
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Condition in which the spleen removes blood components at an excessive rate
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thymoma
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Tumor of the thymus gland.
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thymectomy
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Surgical removal of the thymus gland.
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toxic
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Pertaining to poison.
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PATHOLOGY
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Pathology page 558 - 561
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severe combined immunodeficiency disease SCID (Immunodeficiency)
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Congenital disorder where infants are born with a deficiency of B cells and T cells, resulting in a lack of immunity.
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acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AIDS (Immunodeficiency)
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Group of clinical signs and symptoms associated with suppression of the immune system and marked by opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms, and neurologic problems.
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human immunodeficiency virus HIV
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HIV destroys helper T cells, disrupting the immune response.
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opportunistic infections
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Infectious diseases associated with AIDS; they occur because HIV infection lowers the body's resistance and allows infection by bacteria and parasites that normally are easily contained.
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candidiasis
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...
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cryptococcal infection Crypto
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...
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cryptosporidiosis
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...
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cytomegalovirus infection CMV
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...
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herpes simplex
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...
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histoplasmosis Histo
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...
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Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex infection MAI
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...
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Pneumocystis pneumonia PCP
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...
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toxoplasmosis Toxo
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...
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tuberculosis TB
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...
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Kaposis carcoma
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A malignant lesion (cancer) arising from the lining cells of capillaries that produces dark purplish skin nodules.
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wasting syndrome
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Weight loss, decrease in muscular strength, appetite, and mental activity; associated with AIDS.
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reverse transcriptase RT
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The viral enzyme associated with AIDS.
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reverse transcriptase inhibitors RTIs
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Drug that treats AIDS by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme needed to make copies of HIV.
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protease inhibitors
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Drug that treats AIDS by blocking the production of protease, a proteolytic enzyme that helps create new viral pieces of HIV.
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highly active antiretroviral therapy HAART
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A an often effective combination of protease inhibitors and RTIs used to treat AIDS.
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allergy (hypersensitivity)
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Abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen.
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allergic rhinitis
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Hay fever.
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systemic anaphylaxis
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An extraordinary hypersensitivity reaction throughout the body, leading to hypotension, shock, respiratory distress, edema of the larynx.
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asthma
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Allergy to pollen, dust, molds.
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hives
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Allergy causing hives caused by food or drugs.
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atopic dermatitis
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Topical reaction from soaps, cosmetics, or chemicals.
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atopic
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A person who is atopic is prone to allergies.
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lymphoma
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Malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue.
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Hodgkin disease
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Malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in the spleen and lymph nodes. Reed-Sternberg cells often found in microscopic analysis.
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Reed-Sternberg cell
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Unusual cell found in persons with Hodkin's disease.
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Staging of Hodgkin disease
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Involves assessing the extent of spread of the disease.
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non-Hodgkin lymphomas
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Group of malignant tumors involving lymphoid tissue. Examples include follicular lymphoma and large cell lymphoma.
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follicular lymphoma
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Hon-Hodgkin lymphoma composed of collections of small lymphocytes in a follicle or nodule arrangement.
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large cell lymphoma
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Hon-Hodgkin lymphoma composed of large lymphocytes that infiltrate noes and tissues diffusely.
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multiple myeloma
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Malignant tumor of bone marrow cells that is composed of plasma cells (antibody-producing B lymphocytes).
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Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
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Tumor of malignant B cells.
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thymoma
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Malignant tumor of the thymus gland.
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allergen
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Substance capable of causing a specific hypersensitivity reaction in the body; a type of antigen.
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anaphylaxis
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Exaggerated or unusual hypersensitivity to foreign protein and other substance.
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atopy
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Hypersensitive or allergic state involving an inherited predisposition. From the Greek work atopia, which means strangeness.
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CD4+ cells
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Helper T cells that carry the CD4 protein antigen on their surface. HIV binds to CD4, infects and kills T cells bearing this protein. AIDS patients have an inadequate number of CD4+ cells.
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human immunodeficiency virus HIV
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Virus (retrovirus) that causes AIDS.
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protease inhibitor
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Drug that treats AIDS by blocking the production of protease, a proteolytic enzyme that helps create new viral pieces of HIV.
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LABORATORY TESTS AND CLINICAL PROCEDURES
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Laboratory Tests & Clinical Procedures page 562 - 563
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CD4+ cell count
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Measures the number of CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) in teh bloodstream of the patient with AIDS. Normal count is between 500 and 1500 CD4+ cells per mm3
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ELISA
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Screening test to detect anti-HIV antibodies in the bloodstream. If the result is positive it is confirmed with a more specific Western Blot test.
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immunoelectrophoresis
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Test that separates immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, IgD).
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viral load test
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Measurement of the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) in the bloodstream; PCR (polymerase chain reaction) assay and NASBA (neucleic acid sequence--based amplification) test.
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computer tomography (CT) scan
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X-ray imaging produces cross-sectional and other views of anatomic structures to detect abnormalities of lymphoid organs.
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ABBREVIATIONS
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Abbreviations page 563
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AIDS
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acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
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CD4+ cell
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helper T cell
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CD8+ cell
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cytotoxic T cell
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CMV
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cytomegalovirus--causes opportunistic AIDS-related infection
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Crypto
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Cryptococcus--causes opportunistic AIDS related infection
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ELISA
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enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay--test to detect anti-HIV antibodies
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G-CSF
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ganulocyte colony-stimulating factor--cytokine that promotes neutrophil production
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GM-CSF
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granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor--cytokine secreted by macrophages to promote growth of myeloid progenitor cells and their differentiation to granulocytes
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HAART
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highly reactive antiretroviral therapy--used of combination of drugs that are effective against AIDS
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HD
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Hodgkin disease
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Histo
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histoplasmosis--fungal infection seen in AIDS patients
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HIV
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human immunodeficiency virus--causes AIDS
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HSV
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herpes simplex virus
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IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
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immunogloublins
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IL1 to IL15
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interlukins
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KS
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Kaposi sarcoma
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MAI
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Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) complex--group of pathogens that cause lung and systemic disease in immunocompromised patients.
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MoAb
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monoclonal antibody
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NHL
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non-Hodgkin lymphoma
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PCP
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Pneumocystis pneumonia--opportunistic AIDS related infection
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PI
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protease inhibitor
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RTI
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reverse transcriptase inhibitor--for example, zidovudine (Retrovir) or lamivudine (Epivir)
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SCID
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severe combined immunodeficiency disease
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T4 cell
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helper T cell (lymphocyte)--same as CD4+ cell
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T8
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cytotoxic T cell (lymphocyte)--same as CD8+ cell
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Treg
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regulatory T cell (suppressor T cell)
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Toxo
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toxoplasmosis--parasitic infection associated with AIDS
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hypersensitivity
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Extreme sensitivity to an allergen.
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lymphocytes
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The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.
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lymphocytosis
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Slight increase in numbers of lymphocytes
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T cell (T lymphocyte)
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Lymphocyte that originates in the bone marrow but matures in the thymus gland; it acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produce chemicals (cytokines) such as interferons and interlukins that are toxic to antigens.
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Western blot
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A test to detect HIV; more specific than ELISA.
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-cytosis
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...
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lymphocytosis
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Increase in white blood cells.
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isoimmunity
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Normal but undesirable immune response (ex. donor tissue rejection).
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