Ms Redican’s chem cards – Flashcards

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question
What is the Quantum leap or atomic spectra process?
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electrons absorb energy and jump up to the excited state -- the release energy as light (colors) and jump down to a lower level
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What kind of elements are involved in IONIC bonding?
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metals with nonmetals
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What happens to electrons in IONIC bonds?
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electrons are transferred
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What are properties of IONIC materials?
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good conductors when dissolved in water, high melting point
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What are ANIONS and how are they made?
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Anions are negative ions and they are made when nonmetals gain electrons Anions are bigger than neutral atoms b/c they gain e-
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What are CATIONS and how are they made?
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Cations are positive ions and they are made when metals lose electrons Cations are smaller than neutral atoms b/c they lose e-
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What kind of elements are involved in COVALENT bonding?
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nonmetals
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What happens to electrons in Covalent bonds?
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electrons are shared
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What are the two kinds of Covalent bonding and how are they different?
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Covalent Polar bonds share e- unevenly, Covalent NonPolar Bonds share e- evenly. Polar substance have partial charges and can dissolve in water. Nonpolar substances have no change and cannot dissolve in water.
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Examples of Covalent Polar substances
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Water , Ammonia, Acids
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Examples of Covalent NonPolar Substances
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Carbon dioxide, hexane, oil
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What are properties of Covalent substances?
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poor conductors, low melting points
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What is Metallic Bonding?
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when a metal (metals) lose e- into a sea of e-. These free moving e- allow metals to be good conductors of electricity.
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What type of matter are Elements?
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PURE matter.
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What are elements made of ? Can they be decomposed?
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only one type of atom . and they cannot be decomposed
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What type of matter are Compounds/Molecules?
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PURE matter
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How are compounds/molecules made?
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two or more different atoms bond together
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Can compounds be decomposed?
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yes, they can chemically decomposed
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What are the two types of mixtures?
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heterogeneous and homogeneous
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How are mixtures different?
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heterogeneous is visibly different, but homogeneous looks the same throughout
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What type of bond is involved in compounds with Polyatomic Ions?
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BOTH ionic and covalent
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How can you tell if it's an acid?
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Usually starts with H
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How can you tell if it's a base?
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Usually ends in OH
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What is the formula for ammonia?
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NH3
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What is the formula for water?
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H2O
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What type of matter are sollutions?
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Homogeneous solutions
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What is a solute?
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the substance that gets dissolved
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What is a solvent?
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the substance that does the dissolving
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What are the 4 colligative properties?
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freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, vapor pressure reduction, osmotic pressure
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What are colligative properties related to?
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the amount of solute -- the higher the concentration
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How can you see the difference between unsaturated, saturated, supersaturated on the graph?
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unsaturated is "under" the curve, saturated is "on" the curve, supersaturated is "above" the curve
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When do you use distillation?
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to separate 2 or more liquids that have different boiling points
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How can crude oil be separated?
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distillation
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What is chromatography?
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separating inks or dyes
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When should you filter something?
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to separate a solid from a liquid
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How can density separate things?
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heavy/moredense things sink and the lighter/lessdense things float
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What 3 things affect the RATE of solubility?
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stirring, crushing/surface area, temperature
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What 3 thing affect how much dissolves?
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type of substance, pressure (if it's a gas), temperature
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How does increased temperature effect the solubility of gases?
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it decreases, the curve goes down
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How does increased temperature effect the solubility of solids/liquids?
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it increases, the curve goes up -ex. hot tea dissolve more sugar than iced tea
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What are the 3 states/phases of matter?
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solid, liquid, gas
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What phase has the most entropy?
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gases
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What is entropy?
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disorder
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Which state of matter is "fixed, vibrating in position"?
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solid
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Which state of matter is "constant random straightline motion"?
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gases
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Which state of matter has the MOST kinetic energy?
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gases
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What is the difference between INTRAmolecular forces and INTERmolecular forces?
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INTRA means forces inside the molecules, and INTER means forces between the molecules
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What are INTRAmolecular forces?
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bonds
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What are INTERmolecular forces?
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forces that make something a solid, liquid, or gas
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What state of matter has the STRONGEST INTER molecular forces?
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solids (feel the table or desk -- it is very strong - it has strong forces)
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How do you name IONIC compounds?
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Use (roman numerals) and it ends in "IDE"
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How do you name COVALENT molecules?
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Use PREfixes like 1-mono, 2-di, 3-tri, 4-tetra, 5-pent, 6-hex...
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How do you name ACIDS?
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if it starts with H , look it up on Table K
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How do you name BASES?
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if it ends in OH, look it up on Table L
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How do you name compounds with POLYATOMICS?
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Use table E polyatomic ion chart
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How do you do FORMULAS?
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CRISS CROSS method, OR BALANCE the charges method
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How are metals and nonmetals different?
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metals are good conductors and are usually silver/grey and malleable, but nonmetals are poor conductors and are brittle
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What are valence electrons?
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outer shell electrons
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When are elements SIMILAR?
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If they are in the same group/ same valence electrons
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What is the atomic number?
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number of PROTONS
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What is the number of neutrons?
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MASS - Protons
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What is an isotope?
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same element, same atomic number, different mass, different neutrons
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What is the atomic mass (average)?
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Average of an isotope's masses
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What is an ORBITAL?
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a high probability area outside the nucleus where electrons are located
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Where are electrons located?
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orbitals
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What are nucleons?
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protons and neutrons
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What are the numbers of protons and electrons in a neutral atom?
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protons and electrons are the same number in a neutral atom
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When an atom loses electrons, what happens to the mass?
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nothing - electrons weigh almost 0 amu
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What is the mass of a proton or neutron?
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1 amu
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When solute is added to a solvent, what happens to the boiling point and the freezing point?
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the boiling point increases and the freezing point decreases
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What is Ionization Energy?
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the amount of energy it takes to remove an electron
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How does Ionization energy change as you go across a period? Why?
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IE increases as you go across the table because atoms get smaller and hold onto their electrons more tightly. so it takes more energy to remove them
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How does Ionization energy change as you go down a group? Why?
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IE decreases as you go down the table because atoms get larger and hold onto electrons more loosely, so it takes less energy to remove them
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How does Atomic Radius change as you go across a period?
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Radius gets smaller as you go across because the nucleus pulls the electrons into more closely and more tightly
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How does Atomic Radius change as you go down a period?
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Radius gets larger as you go down a group because there are more shells and the electrons are held more loosely
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How do you draw an atom?
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Draw the nucleus and write the protons and neutrons inside. Then draw the shells/rings and use the electron configuration from the periodic table to put the electrons in the shells.
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How do you draw a LEWIS diagram?
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Write the symbol and put the dots to represent the VALENCE (outer) electrons only
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What is electron affinity?
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The ability to attract electrons
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What are NOBLE gases?
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group 18 gases - they are full and happy - they do not react usually
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What are HALOGENS/ HALIDES?
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Group 17 fluorine, chlorine, etc
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What 2 things did Rutherford learn from his GOLD FOIL experiment?
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atoms are mostly empty space and atoms have a tiny, dense nucleus
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Which particle is negative?
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electrons
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Which particles have the same mass?
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protons and neutrons
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Which particle is positive?
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proton
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Which particle is neutral?
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neutrons
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Which side of the Periodic Table are metals usually found?
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left
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What is a chemical change?
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bonds are broken and new bonds formed; atoms are rearranged and something NEW is produced (e.g. burning paper, acid base reaction)
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What is a physical change?
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Nothing new is made - atoms may move farther apart and the substance may look different , but the molecules are the same (e.g. boiling, melting, freezing, dissolving, etc)
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What are reactants?
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starting materials; found on the left of the arrow
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What are products?
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ending materials; found on the right of the arrow
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What is exothermic ?
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Releases heat; heat is a product; temperature goes up; H = -
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What is endothermic?
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heat is absorbed, heat is a reactant; temperature goes down; H= +
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How do you calculate q?
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Table T - formulas for q
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How do you tell if something is exo or endo?
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look on table I
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What type of rxn is : A +B + C --> ABC
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synthesis
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What type of rxn is: DE --> D + E
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decomposition
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What type of rxn is : A + BC -- > B + AC
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single replacement
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What type of rxn is : AB + CD --> AD + CB
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double repacement
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What type of rxn is : CxHy + O2 --> H2O + CO2
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combustion
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What type of rxn is : HX + YOH ---> H2O + YX
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Acid -Base Neutralization
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How can you tell if it is an acid?
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Starts with H (except H2O, water not an acid); pH less than 7; H+ donor; use an indicator reference tables
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How can you tell if it is a base?
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metal with an OH; makes OH-; accepts H+; pH greater than 7; use reference tables
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What is an electrolyte?
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conducts electricity in water; an acid, base or ionic salt solution
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What is an ionic salt solution?
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a metal with a nonmetal dissolved in water (e.g salt water)
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What is molar mass or gram formula mass?
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Use your periodic table to add up the weights of the elements
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What are solids?
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rigid, crystaline structures; fixed volume and shape; low entropy; low kinetic energy; strong intermolecular forces
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What are liquids?
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particles flow and move -- has surface tension and viscosity
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What are gases?
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move in random, constant, straight-line motion; fills entire container; high kinetic energy, high entropy; weak intermolecular forces
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What is entropy?
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disorder
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What is kinetic energy?
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energy of motion - related to temperature
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What are gas laws?
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see table T P1V1/T1 =P2V2/T2
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What is pressure volume relationship?
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downward curve - inverse relationship
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What is temeprature and KE relationship?
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straight-line going up
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What is volume and temp relationship?
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straight-line going up
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What is a buffer?
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maintains a constant pH
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What is titration?
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a test to calculate the concentration of an acid or base - see table T
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What is organic chemistry?
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molecules with H and C
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How many times does C bond?
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4
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What is saturated?
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single bonds - alkanes
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What are unsaturated bonds?
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double or triple bonds (alkenes/alkynes)
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What has a triple bond?
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N2
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What is CO2?
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covalent nonpolar
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What is substitution rxn?
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single to single organic bonds with 1 switch
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What is addition rxn?
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double to single - to things add on
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What is esterfication?
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it makes an ester see table R
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What is polymerization?
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making plastics, etc n(C-C) --> (-C-C_)n
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What is saponification?
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making soap
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What is oxidation?
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e- are a product; ox is loss of e-; at the anode
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What is reduction?
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e- are a reactant; red is gain of e-; at the cathode
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What is voltaic cell?
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spontaneous; no battery ; needs salt bridge
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What is an electrolytic cell?
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non spontaneous; battery required; used for plating or coating objects like keys, spoons, jewelry; anode connects to + battery side and cathode connects to - battery side b/c opposites attract
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How to calculate oxidation number?
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use periodic table and make eqn with x in it
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What is the anode?
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where oxidation happens - it can be attached to the + side of a battery
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What is the cathode?
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it is where reduction happens - it can be attached to the - side of a battery
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OIL RIG AN OX RED CAT
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Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain; Anode is ox. Red. at the Cathode
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Natural transmutation
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1 element decaying transforming into another
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Artificial transmutation
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An element and a particle become a new element
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fission
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an element and a particle become two smaller elements
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fusion
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two light elements (H, He) fuse together and combine
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equilibrium
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concentration of the reactants equals the concentration of the products; the rates are equal
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Le Chatelier's Principle
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when a system at equilibrium changes - it favors or shifts to return to equilibrium
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half-life
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the time it takes for a sample to decay in half
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I- 131, C-14, U-238, U-235
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I-131 (thyroid), C-14 (dating fosslls, dead things) , U-238 (dating rocks), U-235 (nuclear power)
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