Ms Redican’s chem cards – Flashcards
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| What are ANIONS and how are they made? |
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| Anions are negative ions and they are made when nonmetals gain electrons Anions are bigger than neutral atoms b/c they gain e- |
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| What are CATIONS and how are they made? |
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| Cations are positive ions and they are made when metals lose electrons Cations are smaller than neutral atoms b/c they lose e- |
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| What kind of elements are involved in COVALENT bonding? |
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| nonmetals |
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| What happens to electrons in Covalent bonds? |
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| electrons are shared |
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| What are the two kinds of Covalent bonding and how are they different? |
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| Covalent Polar bonds share e- unevenly, Covalent NonPolar Bonds share e- evenly. Polar substance have partial charges and can dissolve in water. Nonpolar substances have no change and cannot dissolve in water. |
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| Examples of Covalent Polar substances |
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| Water , Ammonia, Acids |
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| Examples of Covalent NonPolar Substances |
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| Carbon dioxide, hexane, oil |
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| What are properties of Covalent substances? |
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| poor conductors, low melting points |
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| What is Metallic Bonding? |
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| when a metal (metals) lose e- into a sea of e-. These free moving e- allow metals to be good conductors of electricity. |
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| What type of matter are Elements? |
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| PURE matter. |
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| What are elements made of ? Can they be decomposed? |
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| only one type of atom . and they cannot be decomposed |
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| What type of matter are Compounds/Molecules? |
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| PURE matter |
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| How are compounds/molecules made? |
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| two or more different atoms bond together |
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| Can compounds be decomposed? |
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| yes, they can chemically decomposed |
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| What are the two types of mixtures? |
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| heterogeneous and homogeneous |
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| How are mixtures different? |
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| heterogeneous is visibly different, but homogeneous looks the same throughout |
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| What type of bond is involved in compounds with Polyatomic Ions? |
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| BOTH ionic and covalent |
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| How can you tell if it's an acid? |
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| Usually starts with H |
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| How can you tell if it's a base? |
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| Usually ends in OH |
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| What is the formula for ammonia? |
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| NH3 |
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| What is the formula for water? |
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| H2O |
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| What type of matter are sollutions? |
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| Homogeneous solutions |
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| What is a solute? |
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| the substance that gets dissolved |
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| What is a solvent? |
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| the substance that does the dissolving |
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| What are the 4 colligative properties? |
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| freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, vapor pressure reduction, osmotic pressure |
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| What are colligative properties related to? |
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| the amount of solute -- the higher the concentration |
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| How can you see the difference between unsaturated, saturated, supersaturated on the graph? |
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| unsaturated is "under" the curve, saturated is "on" the curve, supersaturated is "above" the curve |
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| When do you use distillation? |
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| to separate 2 or more liquids that have different boiling points |
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| How can crude oil be separated? |
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| distillation |
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| What is chromatography? |
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| separating inks or dyes |
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| When should you filter something? |
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| to separate a solid from a liquid |
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| How can density separate things? |
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| heavy/moredense things sink and the lighter/lessdense things float |
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| What 3 things affect the RATE of solubility? |
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| stirring, crushing/surface area, temperature |
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| What 3 thing affect how much dissolves? |
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| type of substance, pressure (if it's a gas), temperature |
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| How does increased temperature effect the solubility of gases? |
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| it decreases, the curve goes down |
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| How does increased temperature effect the solubility of solids/liquids? |
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| it increases, the curve goes up -ex. hot tea dissolve more sugar than iced tea |
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| What are the 3 states/phases of matter? |
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| solid, liquid, gas |
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| What phase has the most entropy? |
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| gases |
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| What is entropy? |
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| disorder |
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| Which state of matter is "fixed, vibrating in position"? |
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| solid |
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| Which state of matter is "constant random straightline motion"? |
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| gases |
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| Which state of matter has the MOST kinetic energy? |
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| gases |
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| What is the difference between INTRAmolecular forces and INTERmolecular forces? |
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| INTRA means forces inside the molecules, and INTER means forces between the molecules |
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| What are INTRAmolecular forces? |
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| bonds |
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| What are INTERmolecular forces? |
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| forces that make something a solid, liquid, or gas |
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| What state of matter has the STRONGEST INTER molecular forces? |
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| solids (feel the table or desk -- it is very strong - it has strong forces) |
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| How do you name IONIC compounds? |
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| Use (roman numerals) and it ends in "IDE" |
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| How do you name COVALENT molecules? |
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| Use PREfixes like 1-mono, 2-di, 3-tri, 4-tetra, 5-pent, 6-hex... |
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| How do you name ACIDS? |
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| if it starts with H , look it up on Table K |
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| How do you name BASES? |
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| if it ends in OH, look it up on Table L |
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| How do you name compounds with POLYATOMICS? |
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| Use table E polyatomic ion chart |
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| How do you do FORMULAS? |
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| CRISS CROSS method, OR BALANCE the charges method |
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| How are metals and nonmetals different? |
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| metals are good conductors and are usually silver/grey and malleable, but nonmetals are poor conductors and are brittle |
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| What are valence electrons? |
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| outer shell electrons |
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| When are elements SIMILAR? |
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| If they are in the same group/ same valence electrons |
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| What is the atomic number? |
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| number of PROTONS |
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| What is the number of neutrons? |
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| MASS - Protons |
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| What is an isotope? |
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| same element, same atomic number, different mass, different neutrons |
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| What is the atomic mass (average)? |
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| Average of an isotope's masses |
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| What is an ORBITAL? |
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| a high probability area outside the nucleus where electrons are located |
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| Where are electrons located? |
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| orbitals |
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| What are nucleons? |
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| protons and neutrons |
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| What are the numbers of protons and electrons in a neutral atom? |
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| protons and electrons are the same number in a neutral atom |
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| When an atom loses electrons, what happens to the mass? |
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| nothing - electrons weigh almost 0 amu |
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| What is the mass of a proton or neutron? |
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| 1 amu |
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| When solute is added to a solvent, what happens to the boiling point and the freezing point? |
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| the boiling point increases and the freezing point decreases |
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| What is Ionization Energy? |
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| the amount of energy it takes to remove an electron |
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| How does Ionization energy change as you go across a period? Why? |
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| IE increases as you go across the table because atoms get smaller and hold onto their electrons more tightly. so it takes more energy to remove them |
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| How does Ionization energy change as you go down a group? Why? |
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| IE decreases as you go down the table because atoms get larger and hold onto electrons more loosely, so it takes less energy to remove them |
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| How does Atomic Radius change as you go across a period? |
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| Radius gets smaller as you go across because the nucleus pulls the electrons into more closely and more tightly |
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| How does Atomic Radius change as you go down a period? |
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| Radius gets larger as you go down a group because there are more shells and the electrons are held more loosely |
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| How do you draw an atom? |
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| Draw the nucleus and write the protons and neutrons inside. Then draw the shells/rings and use the electron configuration from the periodic table to put the electrons in the shells. |
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| How do you draw a LEWIS diagram? |
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| Write the symbol and put the dots to represent the VALENCE (outer) electrons only |
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| What is electron affinity? |
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| The ability to attract electrons |
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| What are NOBLE gases? |
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| group 18 gases - they are full and happy - they do not react usually |
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| What are HALOGENS/ HALIDES? |
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| Group 17 fluorine, chlorine, etc |
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| What 2 things did Rutherford learn from his GOLD FOIL experiment? |
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| atoms are mostly empty space and atoms have a tiny, dense nucleus |
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| Which particle is negative? |
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| electrons |
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| Which particles have the same mass? |
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| protons and neutrons |
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| Which particle is positive? |
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| proton |
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| Which particle is neutral? |
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| neutrons |
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| Which side of the Periodic Table are metals usually found? |
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| left |
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| What is a chemical change? |
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| bonds are broken and new bonds formed; atoms are rearranged and something NEW is produced (e.g. burning paper, acid base reaction) |
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| What is a physical change? |
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| Nothing new is made - atoms may move farther apart and the substance may look different , but the molecules are the same (e.g. boiling, melting, freezing, dissolving, etc) |
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| What are reactants? |
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| starting materials; found on the left of the arrow |
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| What are products? |
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| ending materials; found on the right of the arrow |
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| What is exothermic ? |
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| Releases heat; heat is a product; temperature goes up; H = - |
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| What is endothermic? |
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| heat is absorbed, heat is a reactant; temperature goes down; H= + |
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| How do you calculate q? |
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| Table T - formulas for q |
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| How do you tell if something is exo or endo? |
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| look on table I |
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| What type of rxn is : A +B + C --> ABC |
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| synthesis |
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| What type of rxn is: DE --> D + E |
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| decomposition |
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| What type of rxn is : A + BC -- > B + AC |
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| single replacement |
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| What type of rxn is : AB + CD --> AD + CB |
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| double repacement |
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| What type of rxn is : CxHy + O2 --> H2O + CO2 |
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| combustion |
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| What type of rxn is : HX + YOH ---> H2O + YX |
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| Acid -Base Neutralization |
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| How can you tell if it is an acid? |
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| Starts with H (except H2O, water not an acid); pH less than 7; H+ donor; use an indicator reference tables |
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| How can you tell if it is a base? |
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| metal with an OH; makes OH-; accepts H+; pH greater than 7; use reference tables |
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| What is an electrolyte? |
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| conducts electricity in water; an acid, base or ionic salt solution |
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| What is an ionic salt solution? |
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| a metal with a nonmetal dissolved in water (e.g salt water) |
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| What is molar mass or gram formula mass? |
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| Use your periodic table to add up the weights of the elements |
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| What are solids? |
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| rigid, crystaline structures; fixed volume and shape; low entropy; low kinetic energy; strong intermolecular forces |
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| What are liquids? |
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| particles flow and move -- has surface tension and viscosity |
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| What are gases? |
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| move in random, constant, straight-line motion; fills entire container; high kinetic energy, high entropy; weak intermolecular forces |
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| What is entropy? |
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| disorder |
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| What is kinetic energy? |
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| energy of motion - related to temperature |
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| What are gas laws? |
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| see table T P1V1/T1 =P2V2/T2 |
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| What is pressure volume relationship? |
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| downward curve - inverse relationship |
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| What is temeprature and KE relationship? |
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| straight-line going up |
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| What is volume and temp relationship? |
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| straight-line going up |
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| What is a buffer? |
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| maintains a constant pH |
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| What is titration? |
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| a test to calculate the concentration of an acid or base - see table T |
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| What is organic chemistry? |
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| molecules with H and C |
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| How many times does C bond? |
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| 4 |
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| What is saturated? |
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| single bonds - alkanes |
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| What are unsaturated bonds? |
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| double or triple bonds (alkenes/alkynes) |
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| What has a triple bond? |
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| N2 |
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| What is CO2? |
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| covalent nonpolar |
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| What is substitution rxn? |
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| single to single organic bonds with 1 switch |
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| What is addition rxn? |
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| double to single - to things add on |
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| What is esterfication? |
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| it makes an ester see table R |
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| What is polymerization? |
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| making plastics, etc n(C-C) --> (-C-C_)n |
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| What is saponification? |
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| making soap |
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| What is oxidation? |
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| e- are a product; ox is loss of e-; at the anode |
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| What is reduction? |
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| e- are a reactant; red is gain of e-; at the cathode |
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| What is voltaic cell? |
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| spontaneous; no battery ; needs salt bridge |
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| What is an electrolytic cell? |
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| non spontaneous; battery required; used for plating or coating objects like keys, spoons, jewelry; anode connects to + battery side and cathode connects to - battery side b/c opposites attract |
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| How to calculate oxidation number? |
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| use periodic table and make eqn with x in it |
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| What is the anode? |
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| where oxidation happens - it can be attached to the + side of a battery |
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| What is the cathode? |
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| it is where reduction happens - it can be attached to the - side of a battery |
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| OIL RIG AN OX RED CAT |
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| Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain; Anode is ox. Red. at the Cathode |
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| Natural transmutation |
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| 1 element decaying transforming into another |
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| Artificial transmutation |
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| An element and a particle become a new element |
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| fission |
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| an element and a particle become two smaller elements |
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| fusion |
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| two light elements (H, He) fuse together and combine |
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| equilibrium |
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| concentration of the reactants equals the concentration of the products; the rates are equal |
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| Le Chatelier's Principle |
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| when a system at equilibrium changes - it favors or shifts to return to equilibrium |
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| half-life |
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| the time it takes for a sample to decay in half |
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| I- 131, C-14, U-238, U-235 |
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| I-131 (thyroid), C-14 (dating fosslls, dead things) , U-238 (dating rocks), U-235 (nuclear power) |
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