Ms Redican’s chem cards – Flashcards
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What is the Quantum leap or atomic spectra process? |
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electrons absorb energy and jump up to the excited state -- the release energy as light (colors) and jump down to a lower level |
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What kind of elements are involved in IONIC bonding? |
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metals with nonmetals |
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What happens to electrons in IONIC bonds? |
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electrons are transferred |
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What are properties of IONIC materials? |
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good conductors when dissolved in water, high melting point |
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What are ANIONS and how are they made? |
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Anions are negative ions and they are made when nonmetals gain electrons Anions are bigger than neutral atoms b/c they gain e- |
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What are CATIONS and how are they made? |
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Cations are positive ions and they are made when metals lose electrons Cations are smaller than neutral atoms b/c they lose e- |
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What kind of elements are involved in COVALENT bonding? |
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nonmetals |
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What happens to electrons in Covalent bonds? |
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electrons are shared |
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What are the two kinds of Covalent bonding and how are they different? |
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Covalent Polar bonds share e- unevenly, Covalent NonPolar Bonds share e- evenly. Polar substance have partial charges and can dissolve in water. Nonpolar substances have no change and cannot dissolve in water. |
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Examples of Covalent Polar substances |
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Water , Ammonia, Acids |
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Examples of Covalent NonPolar Substances |
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Carbon dioxide, hexane, oil |
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What are properties of Covalent substances? |
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poor conductors, low melting points |
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What is Metallic Bonding? |
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when a metal (metals) lose e- into a sea of e-. These free moving e- allow metals to be good conductors of electricity. |
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What type of matter are Elements? |
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PURE matter. |
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What are elements made of ? Can they be decomposed? |
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only one type of atom . and they cannot be decomposed |
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What type of matter are Compounds/Molecules? |
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PURE matter |
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How are compounds/molecules made? |
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two or more different atoms bond together |
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Can compounds be decomposed? |
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yes, they can chemically decomposed |
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What are the two types of mixtures? |
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heterogeneous and homogeneous |
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How are mixtures different? |
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heterogeneous is visibly different, but homogeneous looks the same throughout |
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What type of bond is involved in compounds with Polyatomic Ions? |
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BOTH ionic and covalent |
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How can you tell if it's an acid? |
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Usually starts with H |
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How can you tell if it's a base? |
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Usually ends in OH |
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What is the formula for ammonia? |
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NH3 |
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What is the formula for water? |
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H2O |
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What type of matter are sollutions? |
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Homogeneous solutions |
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What is a solute? |
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the substance that gets dissolved |
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What is a solvent? |
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the substance that does the dissolving |
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What are the 4 colligative properties? |
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freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, vapor pressure reduction, osmotic pressure |
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What are colligative properties related to? |
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the amount of solute -- the higher the concentration |
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How can you see the difference between unsaturated, saturated, supersaturated on the graph? |
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unsaturated is "under" the curve, saturated is "on" the curve, supersaturated is "above" the curve |
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When do you use distillation? |
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to separate 2 or more liquids that have different boiling points |
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How can crude oil be separated? |
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distillation |
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What is chromatography? |
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separating inks or dyes |
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When should you filter something? |
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to separate a solid from a liquid |
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How can density separate things? |
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heavy/moredense things sink and the lighter/lessdense things float |
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What 3 things affect the RATE of solubility? |
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stirring, crushing/surface area, temperature |
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What 3 thing affect how much dissolves? |
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type of substance, pressure (if it's a gas), temperature |
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How does increased temperature effect the solubility of gases? |
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it decreases, the curve goes down |
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How does increased temperature effect the solubility of solids/liquids? |
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it increases, the curve goes up -ex. hot tea dissolve more sugar than iced tea |
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What are the 3 states/phases of matter? |
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solid, liquid, gas |
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What phase has the most entropy? |
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gases |
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What is entropy? |
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disorder |
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Which state of matter is "fixed, vibrating in position"? |
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solid |
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Which state of matter is "constant random straightline motion"? |
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gases |
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Which state of matter has the MOST kinetic energy? |
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gases |
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What is the difference between INTRAmolecular forces and INTERmolecular forces? |
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INTRA means forces inside the molecules, and INTER means forces between the molecules |
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What are INTRAmolecular forces? |
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bonds |
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What are INTERmolecular forces? |
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forces that make something a solid, liquid, or gas |
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What state of matter has the STRONGEST INTER molecular forces? |
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solids (feel the table or desk -- it is very strong - it has strong forces) |
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How do you name IONIC compounds? |
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Use (roman numerals) and it ends in "IDE" |
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How do you name COVALENT molecules? |
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Use PREfixes like 1-mono, 2-di, 3-tri, 4-tetra, 5-pent, 6-hex... |
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How do you name ACIDS? |
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if it starts with H , look it up on Table K |
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How do you name BASES? |
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if it ends in OH, look it up on Table L |
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How do you name compounds with POLYATOMICS? |
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Use table E polyatomic ion chart |
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How do you do FORMULAS? |
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CRISS CROSS method, OR BALANCE the charges method |
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How are metals and nonmetals different? |
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metals are good conductors and are usually silver/grey and malleable, but nonmetals are poor conductors and are brittle |
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What are valence electrons? |
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outer shell electrons |
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When are elements SIMILAR? |
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If they are in the same group/ same valence electrons |
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What is the atomic number? |
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number of PROTONS |
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What is the number of neutrons? |
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MASS - Protons |
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What is an isotope? |
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same element, same atomic number, different mass, different neutrons |
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What is the atomic mass (average)? |
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Average of an isotope's masses |
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What is an ORBITAL? |
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a high probability area outside the nucleus where electrons are located |
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Where are electrons located? |
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orbitals |
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What are nucleons? |
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protons and neutrons |
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What are the numbers of protons and electrons in a neutral atom? |
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protons and electrons are the same number in a neutral atom |
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When an atom loses electrons, what happens to the mass? |
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nothing - electrons weigh almost 0 amu |
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What is the mass of a proton or neutron? |
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1 amu |
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When solute is added to a solvent, what happens to the boiling point and the freezing point? |
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the boiling point increases and the freezing point decreases |
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What is Ionization Energy? |
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the amount of energy it takes to remove an electron |
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How does Ionization energy change as you go across a period? Why? |
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IE increases as you go across the table because atoms get smaller and hold onto their electrons more tightly. so it takes more energy to remove them |
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How does Ionization energy change as you go down a group? Why? |
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IE decreases as you go down the table because atoms get larger and hold onto electrons more loosely, so it takes less energy to remove them |
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How does Atomic Radius change as you go across a period? |
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Radius gets smaller as you go across because the nucleus pulls the electrons into more closely and more tightly |
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How does Atomic Radius change as you go down a period? |
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Radius gets larger as you go down a group because there are more shells and the electrons are held more loosely |
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How do you draw an atom? |
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Draw the nucleus and write the protons and neutrons inside. Then draw the shells/rings and use the electron configuration from the periodic table to put the electrons in the shells. |
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How do you draw a LEWIS diagram? |
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Write the symbol and put the dots to represent the VALENCE (outer) electrons only |
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What is electron affinity? |
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The ability to attract electrons |
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What are NOBLE gases? |
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group 18 gases - they are full and happy - they do not react usually |
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What are HALOGENS/ HALIDES? |
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Group 17 fluorine, chlorine, etc |
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What 2 things did Rutherford learn from his GOLD FOIL experiment? |
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atoms are mostly empty space and atoms have a tiny, dense nucleus |
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Which particle is negative? |
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electrons |
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Which particles have the same mass? |
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protons and neutrons |
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Which particle is positive? |
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proton |
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Which particle is neutral? |
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neutrons |
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Which side of the Periodic Table are metals usually found? |
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left |
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What is a chemical change? |
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bonds are broken and new bonds formed; atoms are rearranged and something NEW is produced (e.g. burning paper, acid base reaction) |
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What is a physical change? |
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Nothing new is made - atoms may move farther apart and the substance may look different , but the molecules are the same (e.g. boiling, melting, freezing, dissolving, etc) |
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What are reactants? |
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starting materials; found on the left of the arrow |
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What are products? |
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ending materials; found on the right of the arrow |
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What is exothermic ? |
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Releases heat; heat is a product; temperature goes up; H = - |
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What is endothermic? |
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heat is absorbed, heat is a reactant; temperature goes down; H= + |
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How do you calculate q? |
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Table T - formulas for q |
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How do you tell if something is exo or endo? |
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look on table I |
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What type of rxn is : A +B + C --> ABC |
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synthesis |
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What type of rxn is: DE --> D + E |
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decomposition |
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What type of rxn is : A + BC -- > B + AC |
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single replacement |
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What type of rxn is : AB + CD --> AD + CB |
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double repacement |
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What type of rxn is : CxHy + O2 --> H2O + CO2 |
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combustion |
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What type of rxn is : HX + YOH ---> H2O + YX |
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Acid -Base Neutralization |
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How can you tell if it is an acid? |
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Starts with H (except H2O, water not an acid); pH less than 7; H+ donor; use an indicator reference tables |
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How can you tell if it is a base? |
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metal with an OH; makes OH-; accepts H+; pH greater than 7; use reference tables |
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What is an electrolyte? |
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conducts electricity in water; an acid, base or ionic salt solution |
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What is an ionic salt solution? |
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a metal with a nonmetal dissolved in water (e.g salt water) |
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What is molar mass or gram formula mass? |
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Use your periodic table to add up the weights of the elements |
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What are solids? |
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rigid, crystaline structures; fixed volume and shape; low entropy; low kinetic energy; strong intermolecular forces |
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What are liquids? |
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particles flow and move -- has surface tension and viscosity |
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What are gases? |
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move in random, constant, straight-line motion; fills entire container; high kinetic energy, high entropy; weak intermolecular forces |
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What is entropy? |
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disorder |
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What is kinetic energy? |
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energy of motion - related to temperature |
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What are gas laws? |
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see table T P1V1/T1 =P2V2/T2 |
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What is pressure volume relationship? |
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downward curve - inverse relationship |
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What is temeprature and KE relationship? |
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straight-line going up |
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What is volume and temp relationship? |
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straight-line going up |
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What is a buffer? |
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maintains a constant pH |
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What is titration? |
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a test to calculate the concentration of an acid or base - see table T |
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What is organic chemistry? |
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molecules with H and C |
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How many times does C bond? |
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4 |
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What is saturated? |
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single bonds - alkanes |
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What are unsaturated bonds? |
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double or triple bonds (alkenes/alkynes) |
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What has a triple bond? |
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N2 |
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What is CO2? |
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covalent nonpolar |
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What is substitution rxn? |
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single to single organic bonds with 1 switch |
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What is addition rxn? |
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double to single - to things add on |
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What is esterfication? |
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it makes an ester see table R |
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What is polymerization? |
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making plastics, etc n(C-C) --> (-C-C_)n |
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What is saponification? |
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making soap |
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What is oxidation? |
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e- are a product; ox is loss of e-; at the anode |
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What is reduction? |
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e- are a reactant; red is gain of e-; at the cathode |
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What is voltaic cell? |
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spontaneous; no battery ; needs salt bridge |
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What is an electrolytic cell? |
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non spontaneous; battery required; used for plating or coating objects like keys, spoons, jewelry; anode connects to + battery side and cathode connects to - battery side b/c opposites attract |
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How to calculate oxidation number? |
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use periodic table and make eqn with x in it |
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What is the anode? |
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where oxidation happens - it can be attached to the + side of a battery |
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What is the cathode? |
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it is where reduction happens - it can be attached to the - side of a battery |
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OIL RIG AN OX RED CAT |
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Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain; Anode is ox. Red. at the Cathode |
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Natural transmutation |
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1 element decaying transforming into another |
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Artificial transmutation |
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An element and a particle become a new element |
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fission |
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an element and a particle become two smaller elements |
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fusion |
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two light elements (H, He) fuse together and combine |
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equilibrium |
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concentration of the reactants equals the concentration of the products; the rates are equal |
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Le Chatelier's Principle |
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when a system at equilibrium changes - it favors or shifts to return to equilibrium |
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half-life |
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the time it takes for a sample to decay in half |
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I- 131, C-14, U-238, U-235 |
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I-131 (thyroid), C-14 (dating fosslls, dead things) , U-238 (dating rocks), U-235 (nuclear power) |