more nace 9 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
Goals of Psychoanalytic Therapy
answer
To make the unconscious conscious. To reconstruct the basic personality. To assist clients in reliving earlier experience and working through repressed conflicts. To achieve intellectual awareness.
question
Goals of Adlerian Therapy
answer
To challenge client's basic premises and life goals. To offer encouragement so individuals can develop socially useful goals. To develop the client's sense of belonging.
question
Goals of Existential Therapy
answer
To help people see that they are free and become aware of their possibilities. To challenge them to recognize that they are responsible for events that they formerly thought were happening to them. To identify factors that block freedom.
question
Goals of Person-Centered Therapy
answer
To provide a safe climate conducive to clients' self-exploration, so that they can recognize blocks to growth and can experience aspects of self that were formerly denied or distorted. To enable them to move toward openness, greater trust in self, willingness to be a process, and increased spontaneity and aliveness.
question
Goals of Gestalt Therapy
answer
To assist clients in gaining awareness of moment-to-moment experiencing and to expand the capacity to make choices. Aim not to analysis but at integration.
question
Goal of Reality Therapy
answer
To help people become more effective in meeting their needs. To enable clients to get reconnected with the people they have chosen to put into their quality worlds and teach clients choice theory.
question
Goal of Behavior Therapy
answer
Generally, to elimiant maladaptive behaviors and learn more effective behaviors. To focus on factors influencing behavior and find what can be done about problematic behavior. Clients have an active role in setting tratment goals and evaluating how well these goals are being met.
question
Goal of Cognitive Behavior Therapy
answer
To challenge clients to confront faulty beliefs with contradictory evidence that they gather and evaluate. Helping clients seek out their dogmatic beliefs and vigorously minimize them. To become aware of automatic thoughts and to change them.
question
Goal of Feminist Therapy
answer
To bring about transformation both in the individual client and in society. For individual clients the goal is to assist them in recognizing, claiming, and using their personal power to free themselves from the limitations of gender role socialization. To confront all forms of institutional policies that discriminate on the basis of gender.
question
Goal of Family Systems Therapy
answer
Most approaches are aimed at helping family members gain awareness of patterns of relationships that are not working well and create new ways of interacting to relieve their distress. Some approaches focus on resloving the specific problem that brings the family to therapy.
question
Techniques of Psychoanalytic Therapy
answer
The key techniques are interpretation, dream analysis, free association, analysis of resistance, and analysis of transference. All designed to help clients gain access to their unconscious conflicts, which leads to insight and eventual assimilation of new material by the ego. Diagnosis and testing are often used. Questions are used to develop a case history.
question
Techniques of Adlerian Therapy
answer
Pay more attention to the subjective experiences of clients than to using techniques. Some techniques include gathering life-history data (family constellation, early recollections, personal priorities) sharing interpretations with clients, offering encouragement, and assisting clients in searching for new possibilities.
question
Techniques of Existential Therapy
answer
Few techniques flow from this approach, because it stresses understanding first and technique second. The therapist can borrow techniques from other approaches and incorporate them in an existential framework. Diagnosis, testing and external measurements are not deemed important. The approach can be very confrontive
question
Techniques of Person-Centered Therapy
answer
Therapy is relationship centered not technique centered. Counselors use active listening, reflection of feeling, clarification, summarization, confrontation, direct or open ended questions and "being there" for the client. This model does not include diagnostic testing, interpretation, taking a case history, or questioning or probing for information. Counselors refrain from giving advice or solutions, moralizing, or making judgments.
question
Techniques of Gestalt Therapy
answer
A wide range of exiperiments are designed to intensify experiencing and to integrate conflicting feelings. Experiments are co-created by therapist and client through I/Thou dialogue. Therapists have latitude to invent their own experiments. Formal diagnosis and testing are not a required part of therapy.
question
Techniques of Reality Therapy
answer
An active, directive, and didactic therapy. Various techniques may be used to get clients to evaluate what they are presently doing to see if they are willing to change. If they decide that their present behavioris not effective, they develop a specific plan for change and make a commitment to follow through.
question
Techniques of Behavior Therapy
answer
The main techniques are systematic desensitization, relaxation methods, flooding, eye movement and desensitization reprocessing, reinforcement techniques, modeling, cognitive restructuring, assertion and soical skills training, self management programs, behavioral rehearsal, coaching, and various multimodal therapy techniques. Diagnosis or assessment is done at the outset to determine a treatment plan. Questions are used, such as "what" "how" and "when" but not "why". Contracts and homework assignments are also typically used.
question
Techniques of Cognitive Behavior Therapy
answer
An active, directive, time-limited, present-centered, structured therapy. Some techniques include engaging in Socratic dialogue, debating irrational beliefs, carrying out homework assignments, gathering data on assumptions one has made, keeping a record of activities, forming alternative interpretations, learning new coping skills, changing one's language and thinking patterns, role playing, imagery, and confronting faulty beliefs.
question
Techniques of Feminist Therapy
answer
Practitioners tent to employ consciousness raising techniques aimed at helping clients recognize the impact of gender-role socialization on their lives. Other techniques frequently used include gender-role analysis and intervention, power analysis and intervention, bibliotherapy, journal writing, therapist self-disclosure, assertiveness training, reframing and relabeling, cognitive restructuring, identifying and challendging untested beliefs, role playing, psychodramatic methods, group work and social action.
question
Techniques of Family Systems Therapy
answer
There is a diversity of techniques, depending on the particular theoretical orientation. Interventions may target behavior change, perceptual change, or both. Techniques include using genograms, teaching, asking questions, family scuppting, joining the family, tracking sequences, issuing directives, anchoring, use of countertransference, family mapping, refraining, paradoxical interventions, restructuring, enactments, and setting boundaries. Techniques may be experiential, cognitive, or behavioral in nature. Most are designed to bring about change in a short time.
question
Repression
answer
preventing painfull or dangerous thoughts from entering consciousness, feelings, thoughts, and memories are pushed down and stored in the unconscious as recall may be painful.
question
Reaction formation
answer
is taking the opposite belief because the true belief causes anxiety, unconsciously exhibiting overly nice behavior to conceal hostile feelings
question
Denial
answer
another name for suppression, is to argue against the anxiety by denying that the anxiety exists, deal with anxiety by closing his/her eyes
question
Projection
answer
asking your partner if he is mad at you, when you are mad at him, placing unacceptable behavior in oneself onto another.
question
Displacement
answer
discharging or transferring pent-up feelings, usually of hostility, on objects less dangerous than those that initially aroused the emotions, being angry at the boss and therefore coming home and kicking the dog
question
Rationalization
answer
an attempt to provide reasonable explanations for questionable behaviors to appear logical, rational, or valid, used to react to guilt, claiming no remorse over the promotion you did not receive in order to conceal your disappointment.
question
Sublimation
answer
gratifying frustrated sexual desires in substitute non-sexual activities and socially acceptable or creative activities. An athlete may unconsciously choose his/her profession to release anger, positive form of displacement.
question
Regression
answer
returning to a previous stage of development, reverting to a less-mature state, a teenager whose parents are contemplating divorce starts wetting the bed.
question
Compensation
answer
or substitution to attempt to make up for some feeling of inadequacy by excelling, covering up weaknesses by emphasizing desirable trait or making up for frustration in one area by overgratification in another, a person with total deafness becoming a master painter.
question
Identification
answer
Increasing feelings of worth (attitudes, values, standards, characteristics) by identifying with person or institution of illustrious standing, usually exercised with others of power and status, a high school drop-out joining a gang.
question
Introjection
answer
incorporates the attitudes of the parents and assumes those are his/her own, incorporate external values and standards into the ego. Person will assume responsibility for events outside of their control and blame oneself such as failed marriage or loss of a ballgame, an abused child becoming an abuser.
question
Fantasy
answer
(daydreaming-escape, anticipation of the future) gratifying frustrated desires in imginary achievements
question
Adlerian Therapy
answer
Relationship based on mutual respect and identifying, exploring, and disclosing mistaken goals and faulty assumptions. This is followed by a reeducation of the client toward a useful side of life. The main aim of therapy is to develop the client's sense of belonging and to assist in the adoption of behaviors and processes characterized by community feeling and social interest.
question
Retroflection
answer
doing to oneself what one would like to do to someone else.
question
Attending
answer
the attention the counselor pays to the client during a session, includes listening to the client and both verbal and nonverbal interaction. In task-facilitative attending behavior the counselor's attention is on the client. In distractive attending behavior the counselor's attention is on her or her own concerns.
question
Empathy
answer
the ability to recognize, perceive, and understand the emotions of another.
question
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Techniques
answer
Sessions involve teaching and confrontation - techniques include homework assignments and bibliotherapy.
question
Transaction Analysis Techniques
answer
Counselor acts as teacher - techniques include contracts for change, interrogation, confrontation, and illustration.
question
Behavioral (& Cognitive Behavioral) Therapy Techniques
answer
Counselor is the expert, teaching and directing - techniques include positive and negative reinforcement, environment planning, desensitization, implosion, flooding, and stress inoculation.
question
Stress Inoculation
answer
Developed by Donald Meichenbaum as part of his "Self-Instructional Therapy". It has three phases: 1. Educational: in which the problem is identified and the client is given information about what to expect, 2. Rehearsal, in which the client practices the stressful event or behavior while using relaxation techniques 3. Implementation: in which the client uses the new skills to deal with the stressful situation.
question
Racket
answer
in Transactional Analysis a set of behaviors that originate from a childhood script
question
Collecting Trading Stamps
answer
in Transactional Analysis, the saving up of enduring, non-genuine feelings, then "trading" them for a script milestone such as a drinking binge or an anger outburst.
question
Reality Therapy
answer
after establishing a relationship with the client, the counselor acts as teacher and model - techniques promote responsibility, working in the present, and stress freedom without blame.
question
Psychoanalysis
answer
Exploration of the unconscious through such techniques as free association, and the analysis and interpretation of dreams.
question
Adlerian
answer
The counselor exhibits empathy and support - techniques include modeling and education with homework and goal-setting assignments
question
Person Centered
answer
Counselor exhibits acceptance and empathy - techniques include open-ended questions and active/passive listening
question
Existential
answer
Emphasis is on free will and personal responsibility for choices - techniques include the use of literature, modeling, and sharing of experiences - anxiety is used as a motivator.
question
Flooding therapy
answer
The exposure of the client to the actual anxiety stimulus in conjunction with response prevention. Care is necessary to insure that overexposure does not increase anxiety.
question
Behavioral rehearsal
answer
A role-playing strategy in which a client acts out a behavior he wants to change or acquire. Can be quite useful in assertiveness training.
question
Fixed role therapy
answer
A treatment method created by George Kelly in which the client is instructed to read a script at least three times a day, then act, speak and think like the script's character.
question
Implosive therapy
answer
A method for decreasing anxiety by exposing the client to an imaginary anxiety stimulus. The method is risky because overexposure can actually increase anxiety.
question
Aversive conditioning
answer
The application of an unpleasant stimulus in an effort to reduce or eliminate an unwanted behavior.
question
Systematic desensitization
answer
A type of behavioral therapy to help overcome anxiety and phobias. The client is taught relaxation techniques, and then uses those techniques to react to and overcome situations in a hierarchy of fears.
question
Umwelt, Mitwelt, & Eigenwelt
answer
in Existential philosophy the three components of the conscious experience of being alive - is biological, is social, and is psychological.
question
Paraphrasing
answer
the counselor rephrases what the client has said.
question
Summarization
answer
the counselor sums up or reviews what has happened in a session or in the course of therapy.
question
aversion therapy
answer
Is associated with punishment?
question
loss of objectivity
answer
According to Caplan, the most common reason for a request for consultation is
question
Reality
answer
According to this theory, individuals many times act in inappropriate ways to get the love they need, to feel they are loving others, and to feel they have self-worth
question
Mandating continuing education, Indicating minimum proficiency, Protecting the public
answer
Certification serves the purpose of------- Certification serves to signify to the public that an individual has attained a minimum level of knowledge, education and experience. This intended thereby to protect the public as much as possible, from incompetent practitioners. Certification indicates to the public a minimum level of proficiency in the field and mandates that a practitioner is continuing to upgrade his/her education so as to stay current in new information and ideas. It has nothing to do with allowing a therapist to practice.
question
Person-Centered (Carl Roger)
answer
reflection vs. advice, Conditions for Growth:Empathy, Genuineness / Congruence, Unconditional (+) regard, -> self actualization
question
Fertz Perls
answer
Created Gestalt Therapy, empty chair technique (individual can work on opposing feeling); underdog; topdog
question
Aaron Beck (Cognitive-Behavioral Therapist)
answer
Is a Cognitive therapy for depression that aims to replace negative or irrational thoughts with more reasonable, adaptive ones
question
Joseph Wolpe (systematic desensitization) steps
answer
Came up with relaxation training, construction-anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, in vivo desensitization.
question
therapeutic cognitive restructuring (REBT)
answer
irrational thinking - core of emotional disturbance, cognitive dispution-refuting irrational ideas and replacing them with rational ones.
question
(REBT) ABCDE
answer
Affecting agent, Belief system, Consequence, Disputing the irrational belief, Effective new philosophy.
question
Reality Theory (William Glassier)
answer
like a friend asking what is wrong, client and counselor be persistent and never give up past... not a primary focus, successful behaviors little use of diagnostic labels.
question
Person-Centered Therapy (Carl Rogers)
answer
Therapy where the individual is good and moves toward growth and self-actualization
question
Transactional Analysis (Eric Berne)
answer
Messages learned about self in childhood determine whether person is good or bad, though intervention can change this script
question
Gestalt (Fertz Perls)
answer
People are not bad or good. People have the capcity to govern life effectively as "whole". People are part of their environment and must be viewed as such.
question
REBT (Albert Ellis)
answer
People have a cultural / biological propensity to think in a disturbed manner but can be taught to use their capacity to react differently
question
Reality Therapy (William Glasser)
answer
Individuals strive to meet basic psychological needs and the need to be worthwile to self and others. Brain as control system tries to meet needs.
question
psychological positions in the family
answer
One of the reasons for the life style assessment phase of Adlerian Therapy is to determine the client's
question
Empathy
answer
In Person-Centered counseling, when the counselor accurately senses the client's feeling and personal meaning, the counselor is displaying
question
Non-directive. experiential, reflective, passive
answer
Which of the following best describes the Person-Centered counselor?
question
geuineness
answer
When the Person-Centered counselor is fully oneself, spontaneous and role-free in all therapeutic relationships, the counselor is displaying
question
genuineness, and to provide a climate of safety and freedom
answer
Main conditions for a psychological growth promoting climate in the Person-centered approach is and A basic goal of the Person-Centered approach is
question
actualizing tendency
answer
Which of the following is a major concept of Person-Centered therapy?
question
a symbol of social bonding
answer
In Jungian terms, transference is
question
humanistic
answer
The Person-Centered approach is a form of ________therapy.
question
to provide a climate of safety and freedom
answer
A basic goal of the Person-Centered approach is and Which of the following techniques would be most emphasized in Person-Centered therapy?
question
actual, present behavior
answer
The "here and now" orientation of Gestalt therapy refers to
question
unfinished business
answer
In Gestalt therapy, situation that are unresolved and are forced into the client's background that continue to influence his/her present behavior are
question
bi-polar role play, unfinished business
answer
Enactment is a strategy Gestaltists use with and The concept of figure-ground in Gestalt therapy can best be understood by which of the following?
question
Psychoanalytic
answer
From which major approach to psychotherapy were most other approaches developed or evolved?
question
Adlerian
answer
Family constellation and family dynamics, early childhood memories, birth order, and past and present ecological factors are important data in ____theory.
question
Adlerian
answer
A technique call "spitting in the soup" of the client would most likely be used by a therapist employing______theory.
question
Jungian
answer
For client who came from a culture that placed a great deal of emphasis upon spiritual aspects of living and problem-solving________therapy would probably be helpful.
question
Gestalt
answer
The concepts of figure-ground, polarities, and contact are identified with _____therapy.
question
Gestalt
answer
The principle of, "awareness as curative" is an essential tenet in _____therapy.
question
Reality therapy
answer
A counselor refuses to listen to a client's explanation as to why the client was unable to carry out plans made in their previous sessions. This counselor is most likely practicing
question
it is based on the scientific method
answer
What clearly distinguishes behavior therapy for other approaches is
question
move toward greater self-realization
answer
According to Jung, the aim of therapy is to help the client
question
the person is given unconditional positive regard, the therapist is non-directive
answer
In Rogers' approach to therapy
question
the unique way we develop our own style of life
answer
When Adler spoke of individuality, he referred to
question
Social interest
answer
In Adler's theory, an innate sense of kinship with humanity is called
question
Superiority and individual psychology
answer
According to Adler, the ultimate goal in life is_________and Adler's theory of personality is called
question
striving to maintain balance and taking responsibility for one's actions
answer
In Gestalt therapy, people are motivated by and Gestalt therapy involves
question
taking responsibility for one's actions
answer
A major goal of reality therapy is
question
as the end result of a process of discouragement
answer
How would the Adlerian therapist view the personal problems of clients?
question
it allows clients to relive their past in therapy
answer
Analysis of transference is central to psychoanalysis because
question
archetype
answer
To Jung, inherited personality building blocks of the unconscious are called
question
irrational thinking and behavior
answer
RET view neurosis as the result of
question
a unitary way to approach peoples' problems
answer
The multimodal orientation emphasizes
question
thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting
answer
The four functions of Jungian consciousness are
question
universal patterns, and represented by religions
answer
Jungian archetypes are
question
Freud's Id
answer
The Jungian concept of the "shadow" may best be compare to
question
individuation
answer
For Jungian therapy, _____is the ultimate goal for the client.
question
The Center for Application of Psychological Type
answer
One current measure of the popularity of Jungian psychology is
question
eliminating maladaptive learning and providing for more effective learning
answer
The main goal of behavior therapy is
question
the principles of learning
answer
Behavior therapy is grounded in
question
reciprocal exchanges
answer
Bandura's social learning theory explains behavior as
question
Insight strategies
answer
____________ are concerned with the client's own self-discovery.
question
fixation
answer
Of the defense mechanisms discussed in psychoanalytic therapy, ________, described a psychological stunting of growth where the person fails to move from one developmental stage to another. (Fear of leaving the old for the new.)
question
regression
answer
A person who exhibits behavior that clearly shows signs of reverting to less mature stages is likely to be using which ego defense?
question
Addictive empathy
answer
Is most desirable since it adds to the client's understanding and awareness
question
Subtractive empathy
answer
The counselor's behavior does not completely convey an understanding of what has been communicated.
question
Social Influence core
answer
This core focuses on: expertise, attractiveness and trustworthiness
question
Human relations core
answer
This core focuses on: empathy, positive regard ( or respect) and genuineness
question
Existential therapy is a process of searching for the value and meaning in life.
answer
What is existential therapy?
question
Attention is given to clients' immediate ongoing experience with the aim of helping them develop a greater presence in their quest for meaning and purpose.
answer
What is attention given to in Existential Therapy?
question
The therapist's basic task is to help clients recognize that they do not have to remain passive victims of their circumstances but instead can consciously become architects of their lives.
answer
What is the therapist's basic task for Existential Therapy?
question
Viktor Frankl, Rollo May, James Bugental, and Irvin Yalom.
answer
Who are 4 key figures in existential therapy?
question
Frued and Adler
answer
Who were Viktor Frankl and Rollo May influenced by?
question
The capacity for self-awareness, the tension between freedom and responsibility, the creation of an identity and establishing meaningful relationships, the search for meaning, accepting anxiety as a condition of living, and the awareness of death and nonbeing.
answer
What are the 6 basic dimensions of the human condition?
question
The greater our awareness, the greater our possibilities for freedom.
answer
What is the relationship between awareness and freedom?
question
Awareness is realizing that: -we are finite; time is limited, we have the potential/the choice to act or not to act, meaning is not automatic; we must seek it, we are subject to loneliness, meaninglessness, emptiness, guilt, and isolation.
answer
What are the 4 key points of Awareness?
question
Existential guilt is being aware of having evaded a commitment, or having chose not to choose. It is the guilt experienced from not living authentically.
answer
What is existential guilt?
question
Identity is the courage to be. We must trust ourseves to search within and find our own answers. Our greatest fear is that we will discover that there is no core, no self.
answer
What is the idea of "identity" in existential therapy? What is our greatest fear?
question
Relatedness: humans crave ties with others and with nature.
answer
What is "relatedness" in existential therapy?
question
At their best, our relationships are based on our desire for fulfillment, not our deprivation. Relationships that spring from our sense of deprivation are clinging, parasitic, and symbiotic.
answer
What must relationships be based on to be healthy?
question
Meaning: like pleasure, meaning must be pursued obliquely. Finding meaning in life is a by-product of a commitment to creating, loving, and working.
answer
What is the Search for Meaning?
question
The will to meaning is our primary striving. Life is not meaningful in itself; the individual must create and discover meaning.
answer
What is "the will to meaning"?
question
The person-to-person relationship is key and the relationship demands that therapists be in contact with their own phenomenological world
answer
What's important about the therapy journey taken by therapist and client (in existential therapy)?
question
respect and faith in the client's potential to cope and sharing reactions with genuine concern and empathy
answer
What is the core of the therapeutic relatioship in existential therapy?
question
existential and phenomenological - it is grounded in the client's "here and now"
answer
What type of therapy is Gestalt Therapy?
question
For clients to gain awareness of what they are experiencing and doing NOW.
answer
What is the initial goal of Gestalt Therapy? For clients to gain awareness of...
question
GT promotes direct EXPERIENCING rather than the abstractness of TALKING ABOUT situations. Ex: Rather than TALK about a chldhood trauma, the client is encouraged to BECOME the hurt child.
answer
How does Gestalt Therapy help clients gain awareness of what they are experiencing and doing NOW?
question
The present, the now and has not yet arrived
answer
in Gestalt, the "power is in the..." and nothing exists except the... and the past is gone and the future...
question
lost and they may focus on past mistakes or engage in endless resolutions and plans for the future.
answer
For many people, the power of the present is...
question
unexpressed and associated with distinct memories and fantasies and feelings not fully expressed linger in the background and interfere with effective contact
answer
GT believes that feelings about the past are...
question
Preoccupation, compulsive behavior, wariness, oppressive energy, and self-defeating behavior.
answer
What is the result of feelings of the past being left unexpressed?
question
Contact is interacting with nature and with other people without losing one's individuality.
answer
What is CONTACT?
question
Resistance to contact is the defense we develop to prevent us from experiencing the present fully.
answer
What is RESISTANCE TO CONTACT?
question
Introjection (tendency to uncritically accept others' beliefs and standards without assimilating them to make them congruent with who we are), Projection (reverse of introjection; we disown certain aspects of ourselves and assign them to the environment), Retroflection (doing to ourselves what we would like to do to others. ex. Aggression), Deflection (process of distraction so that it is difficult to maintain a sustained sense of contact), Confluence (a blurring of the differentiation between the self and the environment)
answer
What are the five major channels of resistance?
question
They are used to elicit emotion, produce action, or achieve a specific goal and also used to allow client to experience emotions in the here and now
answer
What are the experiments in Gestalt Therapy used for?
question
So that they can feel comfortable suggesting them, so that they can understand what the client is experiencing, and so that they can accurately judge when an experiment is appropriate for a particular client.
answer
Why is it important for therapists to personally experience the power of Gestalt experiments before they try them on their clients?
question
A relationship must be established so that clients will feel trusting enough to participate. Therapists should ask clients if they are willing to try an experiment and also tell clients that the can stop when they choose to--the power is with the client.
answer
Why/how must clients be prepared for Gestalt Experiments?
question
internal dialogue exercise, making the rounds (group), rehearsal exercise, reversal technique, exaggeration, staying with the feeling
answer
What are the various types of Gestalt Experiments?
question
Carl Rogers
answer
Who developed Person-Centered Therapy and the humanistic movement in psychotherapy?
question
his family life and background
answer
What in Rogers's life impacted the development of the theory?
question
Non-judgemental listening and acceptence
answer
What are the 2 core themes of the theory of person-centered therapy if clients are to change?
question
he applied it by training policymakers, leaders, and groups in conflict. He was nominated for a Nobel Peace prize.
answer
how did Rogers apply person centered therapy to world peace later in his professional career?
question
PCT challenges the assumption that the "counselor knows best"
answer
What does Person-Centered Therapy challenge about assumptions of the counselor?
question
PCT challenges the validity of advice, suggestion, persuasion, teaching, diagnosis, and interpretation
answer
What does PCT challenge the validity of?
question
PCT challenges the belief that clients cannot understand and respove their own problems without direct help.
answer
What does PCT challenge about assumptions of the client?
question
persons. PCT challenges the focus on problems over persons.
answer
What does PCT focus on, problems or persons?
question
given a particular therapeutic climate, individuals will choose for themselves a growth producing and psychologically healthy direction for their lives.
answer
What does PCT assume given a particular therapeutic climate? (main point of PCT)
question
Therapy as a journey shared by two fallible people, the person's innate striving for self-actualization, the personal characteristics of the therapist and the quality of the therapeutic relationship, the counselor's creation of a permissive "growth promoting climate", people are capable of self-directed growth if involved in a therapeutic relationship,
answer
PCT emphasizes these 5 things:
question
congruence (genuineness or realness), unconditional positive regard (acceptance and caring but not approval of all behavior, accurate empathic understanding (an ability to deeply grasp the client's subjective world -- helper attitudes are more important than knowledge)
answer
What 3 things make up a growth promoting climate in PCT?
question
1. Two persona are in psychological contact, 2. The client is experiencing incongruency, 3. The therapist is congruent/integrated in the relationship, 4. The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard/real caring for the client, 5. The therapist experiences empathy for the client's internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this to the client, 6. The communication to the client is, to a minimal degree, achieved
answer
What are the 6 conditions that are necessary and sufficient for personality changes to occur in PCT?
question
The therapist...focuses on the QUALITY of the therapeutic relationship, Serves as a MODEL of a human being struggling toward greater realness, Is GENUINE, integrated, and authentic, without a false front, Can OPENLY EXPRESS feelings and attitudes that are present in the relationship with the client.
answer
What are the 4 things that are important for the therapist in Person-Cenetered Therapy?
question
Independence and integration of the individual
answer
What does the person-centered approach aim toward a greater degree of?
question
the growth process
answer
What does PCT assist clients in?
question
...a climate conducive to helping the individual becom a fully functioning person.
answer
The underlying goal of the PCT approach is to provide...
question
masks or the facades that clients are wearing
answer
What does PCT help remove?
question
an openness to experience, a trust in themselves, an internal source of evaluation, a willingness to keep on growing
answer
Rogers states that once the masks are removed, clients can become increasingly more actualized by (4 things):
question
That they have the same underlying problem
answer
What do reality therapists believe about most clients?
question
They are either involved in a present unsatisfying relationship or lack what could even be called a relationship
answer
What are most clients' problems when they come to reality therapy?
question
their inability to connect, get close to others, or to have a satisfying or successful relationship with at least one of the significant people in their lives
answer
What are clients problems usually caused by?
question
That clients choose their behaviors as a way to deal with the frustration caused by an unsatisfying relationship
answer
What do therapists recognize about clients' behaviors?
question
responsibility
answer
What is the emphasis in reality therapy?
question
To keep therapy focused on the present
answer
What is the therapist's function in Reality Therapy?
question
We often mistakenly choose misery in our best attempt to meet our needs
answer
Why do we often mistakenly choose misery?
question
when we meet our needs without keeping others from meeting their needs
answer
When do we act responsibly?
question
meeting one or more of our basic human needs
answer
What is all internally motivated behavior geared towards
question
Belonging, Power, Freedom, Survival (Physiological needs)
answer
What are the 5 basic needs, according to reality therapy?
question
A control system to get us what we want....and to continually monitor our feelings to determine how well we are doing in our lifelong effort to satisfy these needs.
answer
What does our brain function as?
question
Choice theory states that all we ever do from birth to death is behave and with rare exceptions, everything we do is chosen.
answer
What does choice theory state?
question
WDEP: W - Wants (what do you want to be and do? -your picture album), D - Doing and Direction (what are you doing? Where do you want to go?), E - Evaluation (does your present behavior have a reasonable chance of getting you what you want?), P - Planning (SAMIC)
answer
What are the procedures that lead to change?
question
S - Simple (Easy to understand, specific and concrete), A - Attainable (Within the capacities and motivation of the client), M - Measurable (Are the changes observable and helpful?), I - Immediate and Involved (What can be done today? What can you do?), C - Controlled (Can you do this by yourself or will you be dependent on others?)
answer
What are the rules for planning for change? (SAMIC)
question
DOING (active behaviors), THINKING (thoughts, self-statements), FEELINGS (anger, joy, pain, anxiety), PHYSIOLOGY (bodily reactions)
answer
What comprises total behavior?
question
a set of clinical procedures relying on experimental findings of psychological research.
answer
What is behavior therapy?
question
principles f learning that are systematically applied and Treatment goals are specific and measurable.
answer
What is behavior therapy based on?
question
specifically it is used to help people change maladaptive behaviors to adaptive behaviors and client's current problems
answer
What does behavior therapy focus on?
question
skills of self-management
answer
What does behavior therapy teach clients?
question
to identify specific goals at the outset of the therapeutic process
answer
What is the hallmark of behavior therapy?
question
The client determines what behavior will be changed but the therapist determines how this behavior can be best modified and an active and directive role
answer
What kind of role do behavior therapists assume?
question
GESTALT Therapy
answer
Focus on awareness of moment to moment experiencing and the belief that people are responsible for their own behaivor and their active participation in here and now. "AH HA" moments. Chief figure is Fritz Perls
question
Existential Therapy
answer
A process of searching for the value and meaning of life. The individual must find the "will for life" People have freedom to find meaning in what they do and what they experience including the spiritual beliefs and therefore responsible. Chief figures Viktor Frankl and Rollo May
question
Gestalt Therapy Techniques
answer
1. Dream Work - Clients present dreams 2. Empty Chair - Clients talk to and focus is an empty chair 3. Confrontation - Counselors point out behaviors 4. Making the Rounds - used in group responses by each member 5. I take responsibility - client makes statement and .....6. Exaggeration - overly expressing movements or gestures to make meaning apparent
question
Reality Therapy
answer
The underlying problem of all clients is the same: they are either involved in a present unsatisfying relationship or lack what could even be called a relationship. Primary need is to be love, belong, and feel worthwhile "WDEP" W= wants and needs; D= direction and doing; E= evaluation; and P = planning and commitment. Chief figures is William Glasser and Robert Wubbolding
question
Behavior Therapy
answer
Based on the belief that all behavior is learned. Goals of therapy are to eliminate maladaptive behavior while learning adaptive behavior. Stresses current behavior and measurable treatment goals. the behaviorists theorized that human activity was based on a learning model depending upon trial and error. Behavior that produced a pleasurable or useful result was retained and all other behavior was ignored and abandoned over time. Clarify behavior, target behavior, goals of therapy, implement change, evaluate, follow-up assessemnt. Chief figures are Skinner, Bandura, Lazarus, and Wolpe.
question
Classical Conditioning
answer
links a stimulus with a response
question
Positive reinforcement
answer
Receiving something desirable as a consequence of a given behavior ( getting a hug for cleaning up your room)
question
Negative reinforcement
answer
withdrawal or termination of an unpleasant stimulus as a result of performing a desired behavior ( removing the punishment after it is completed. No longer being grounded and the bedroom is clean)
question
Transactional Analysis
answer
Focus on interaction, communication, early (in life) decisions , and the ability of each person to move these early decisions. Life Scripts - eache person makes one by the age of five based on interpretations of external events. 'I'm ok, you're OK, and I'm not OK and you're not OK Chief figure is Eric Berne
question
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
answer
Stresses thinking, judging, deciding, analyzing, and doing; helping people realize that they can live more rational and productive lives, assisting people in changing self-defeating thoughts and behaviors, and encouraging clients to be more tolerant of themselves and others. Belief that thoughts influence feelings and behaivor. If a person changes a way of thinking, then feelings and behaviors will be modified as a result 1. A - Activating event 2. B - Belief about A 3. C - Consequence (emotinal reaction to B) Focus on dispelling irrational beliefs through confrontation and re-education Recommended for clients with mental impairments. Chief figure is Albert Ellis.
question
Family Therapy / Transgenerational Family Therapies
answer
Families and other natural systems respond in organized pattern behaviors. Goal is to help individuals differentiate from their family's emotional togetherness. Chief figure is Murray Bowen
question
Experiential Family Therapy/ Brief Faimly Therapy
answer
stresses the importance of congruent communication both between others and within self. If individuals are able to become more in touch with the messages within themselves, they are then able to communicate more congruently with others. Focus on pwer games in family and solving problems using creative strategic interventions designed to bypass resistance. Chief figures are Virginia Satir and Carl Whittakerm Kyuge; Luige Boscolo, Gianfranco Cecchia
question
Family Systems Theory
answer
Individuals are best understood within the context of relationships and through assessing the interactions within the entire family. Neither the individual nor the family are to "blame" . Genograms (family diagrams) are used to explore the family's process and rules. Chief figures a0 Alfred Adler (Adlerian family therapy) b. Murray Bowen (Multigenerational family therapy) c. Virginia Satir (Human validation process model) d. Carl Whitaker (Experiential.symbolic family therapy) e. Salvador Minuchin (Structural family therapy)
question
Genograms (family diagrams)
answer
Are used to explore the family's process and rules. May include birth order and family birth dates, cultural and ethnic origins, religious affiliations, socioeconomic status, type of contact among family members, as well as proximity of family members.
question
Group Counseling
answer
four stages of group development include. Stage 1 - Initial Stage - orientation and exploration, Stage 2 - Transition Stage - dealing with resistance Stage 3 - Working Stage - cohesion and productivity Stage 4 - Final Stage - cosolidation and termination. Members must beleive that change is possible. Individuals learn that others have the same bad thoughts and feelings. Deveolpment of techniques (social skills), model behaviors, and learn one must take ultimate responsibility for the way he/she lives their life no matter how much guidance and support is given by others. Small Group Process/Stages: Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning.
question
Feminist Therapy
answer
Feminist therapists emphasize that societal gender-role expecations profoundly influence a person's identity form the moment of birth and become deeply ingrained in adult personality. Children learn society's view of gender and apply it to themselves. Cultural feminist believe opprssion stems from society's devaluation of women's strengths. Radical feminist focus on oppression of wome that is embedded in partriarchy and seek to change society thorug activism. Feminists challenge all forms of oppression through insight, intorspection, or self-awareness to free women (and men) of roles that have prohibited them from realizing their potential.
question
The Basic Philosophy of Psychanalytic Therapy
answer
Human beings are basically determined by psychic energy and by early experiences. Unconscious motives and conflicts are central in present behavior. Irrationa forces are strong; the person is driven by sexual and agressive impulses. Early development is of critical importance because later personality problems have their roots in repressed childhood conflicts.
question
The Basic Philosophy of Adlierian Therapy
answer
Humans are motivated by soical interest, by striving toward goals, and by dealing with the tasks of life. Emphasis is on the individual's positive capacities to live in society cooperatively. People have the capacity to interpret, influence, and create events. Each person at an early age creates a unique style of life, which tends to remain relatively constant throughout life.
question
The Basic Philosophy of Existential Therapy
answer
The central focus is on the nature of the human condition, which includes a capacity for self-awareness, freedom of choice to decide one's fate. responsibility, anxiedty, the search for a unique meaning in a meaningless world, being alone and being in relation with others, and facing the reality of death.
question
The Basic Philosophy of Person-Centered Therapy
answer
The view of humans is positive; we have an inclination toward becoming fully functioning. In the context of the therapeutic relationship, the client experiences feelings that were previously denied to awareness. The client actualizes potential and moves toward increased awareness, spontaneity, trust in self, and inner-directedness.
question
The Basic Philosophy of Gestalt Therapy
answer
The person strives for wholeness and integration of thinking, feeling, and behaving. The view is antideterministic in that the person is viewed as having the capacity to recognize how earlier influences are related to present difficulties. As an experiential approach, it is grounded in the here and now and emphasizes personal choice and responbility
question
The Basic Philosophy of Reality Therapy
answer
Based on choice theory, this approach assumes that we are by nature social creatures and we need quality relationships to be happy. Psychological problemsare the result of our resisting the control by others or of our attempt to control others. Choice theory is an explanaion of human nature and how to best achieve good relationships.
question
The Basic Philosophy of Behavior Therapy
answer
Behavior is the product of learning. We are both the product and the producer of the environment. No set of unifying assumptions about behavior can incorporate all the existing procedures in the behavioral field.
question
The Basic Philosophy of Cognitive Behavior Therapy
answer
Individuals tend to incorporae faulty thinking, which leads to emotional and behavioral disturbances. Cognitions are the major determinants of how we feel and act. Therapy is primarily oriented toward cognition and behavior, and it stresses the role of thinking, deciding, questioning, doing, and redeciding. This isa psychoeducational model, which emphasizes therapy as a learning process, including acquiring and practicing new skills, learning new ways of thinking, and acquiring more effective ways of coping with problems.
question
The Basic Philosophy of Feminist Therapy
answer
Feminists criticize many traditional theories to the degree that they are based on gender-biased concepts and practices of being: androcentric, gendercentric, ethnocentric, heterosexist, and intrapsychic. The constructsof feminist therapy include being gender-free, flexible, interactionist, and life-span-0riented.
question
The Basic Philosophy of Family Systems Therapy
answer
The family is viewed from an interactive and systemic perspecitve. Clients are connected to a living systeml a change in one part of the systme will result in a change in other parts. The family provides the context for understanding how individuals function in relationship to others and how they behave. Treatment is best focused on the family unit. An individual's dysfunctional behavior grows out of the interactional unit of the family and out of larger systems as well.
question
Psychoanalytic Therapy - Key Concepts
answer
Normal personality development is basedon successful resolution and integration of psychosexual stages of development. Faulty personality development is the result of inadequate resolution of some specific stage. Id, ego, and superego constitute the basis of personality structure. Anxiety is a result of repression of basic conflicts. Unconscious processes are centrally related to current behavior.
question
Adlerian Therapy - Key Concepts
answer
It stresses the unity of personality, the need to view people from their subjective perspecive, and the importance of life goals that give direction to behavior. People are motivated by social interest and by finding goals to give life meaning. Other key concepts are striving for significance and superiority, developeing aunique lifestyle, andunderstanding the family constellation. Therapy is a matter of providing encouragement and assisting clients in changing their cognitive perspective.
question
Existential Therapy - Key Concepts
answer
It is an experiential therapy. Essentially an approach to counseling rather than a firm theoretical model, it stresses core human conditions. Normally, personality development is based on th euniqueness of each individual. Sense of self develops from infancy. Self-determination and a tendency toward growth are central ideas. Focus is on th present and on what one is becoming; that is, the approach has a future orientation. It stresses self-awareness before action.
question
Person-Centered Therapy - Key Concepts
answer
The client has the potential to become aware of problems and the means toreslove them. Faith is placed in the client's capacity for self-direction. Mental health is a congruence of ideal self and real self. Maladjustment is the result of a discrepancy between what one wants to be and what one is. Focus is on the present moment and on experiencing and expressing feelings
question
Gestalt Therapy - Key Concepts
answer
Emphasis is on the "what" and "how" of experiencing in the here and now to help clients accept their polarities. Key concepts include holism, figure-formation process, awareness, unfinished business and avoidance, contact, and energy.
question
Reality Therapy - Key Concepts
answer
The basic focus is on what clients are doing and how to get them to evaluate whether their present actions are working for them. People create their feelingsby the choices they make and by what they do. The approach rejects the medical model, the notion of transference, the unconsicious, and dwelling on one's past.
question
Behavior Therapy - Key Concepts
answer
Focus is on overt behavior, precision in specifying goals of treatment, development of specific treatment plans, and objective evaluation of therapy outcomes. Therapy is based on the principles of learning theory. Normal behavior is learned through reinforcement and initation. Abnormal behavior is the result of faulty learning. This approach stresses present behavior.
question
Cognitive Behavior Therapy - Key Concepts
answer
Although psychological problems may be rooted in childhood, they are perpetuated through reindoctrination in the now. A person's belieft system is the primary cause of disorders. Internal dialogue plasy a central role in one's behavior. Clients focus on examining faulty assumptions and misconceptions and on replacing these with effective beliefs.
question
Feminist Therapy - Key Concepts
answer
Core priniciples that form the foundation for practice of feminist therapy are the personal is political, the counseling relationship is egalitarian, women's experiences are honored, definitions of distress and mental illness are reformulated, emphasis on gender equality, and commitment to confronting oppression on any grounds.
question
Family Systems Therapy - Key Concepts
answer
Focus is on communication patterns with a family, both verbal and nonverbal. Problems in relationships are likely to be passed on form generation to generation. Symptoms are viewed as ways of communicating with the aim of controlling other family members. Key concepts vary depending on specific orientation but include differentiation, triangles, power coalitions, family-of-origin dynamics, functional versus dysfunctional interaction patterns, family rules governing communication, and dealing with here-and-now interactions. The present is more important thatn exploring past experiences.
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New