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Goals of Psychoanalytic Therapy

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To make the unconscious conscious. To reconstruct the basic personality. To assist clients in reliving earlier experience and working through repressed conflicts. To achieve intellectual awareness.

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Goals of Adlerian Therapy

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To challenge client's basic premises and life goals. To offer encouragement so individuals can develop socially useful goals. To develop the client's sense of belonging.

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Goals of Existential Therapy

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To help people see that they are free and become aware of their possibilities. To challenge them to recognize that they are responsible for events that they formerly thought were happening to them. To identify factors that block freedom.

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Goals of Person-Centered Therapy

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To provide a safe climate conducive to clients' self-exploration, so that they can recognize blocks to growth and can experience aspects of self that were formerly denied or distorted. To enable them to move toward openness, greater trust in self, willingness to be a process, and increased spontaneity and aliveness.

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Goals of Gestalt Therapy

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To assist clients in gaining awareness of moment-to-moment experiencing and to expand the capacity to make choices. Aim not to analysis but at integration.

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Goal of Reality Therapy

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To help people become more effective in meeting their needs. To enable clients to get reconnected with the people they have chosen to put into their quality worlds and teach clients choice theory.

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Goal of Behavior Therapy

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Generally, to elimiant maladaptive behaviors and learn more effective behaviors. To focus on factors influencing behavior and find what can be done about problematic behavior. Clients have an active role in setting tratment goals and evaluating how well these goals are being met.

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Goal of Cognitive Behavior Therapy

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To challenge clients to confront faulty beliefs with contradictory evidence that they gather and evaluate. Helping clients seek out their dogmatic beliefs and vigorously minimize them. To become aware of automatic thoughts and to change them.

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Goal of Feminist Therapy

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To bring about transformation both in the individual client and in society. For individual clients the goal is to assist them in recognizing, claiming, and using their personal power to free themselves from the limitations of gender role socialization. To confront all forms of institutional policies that discriminate on the basis of gender.

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Goal of Family Systems Therapy

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Most approaches are aimed at helping family members gain awareness of patterns of relationships that are not working well and create new ways of interacting to relieve their distress. Some approaches focus on resloving the specific problem that brings the family to therapy.

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Techniques of Psychoanalytic Therapy

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The key techniques are interpretation, dream analysis, free association, analysis of resistance, and analysis of transference. All designed to help clients gain access to their unconscious conflicts, which leads to insight and eventual assimilation of new material by the ego. Diagnosis and testing are often used. Questions are used to develop a case history.

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Techniques of Adlerian Therapy

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Pay more attention to the subjective experiences of clients than to using techniques. Some techniques include gathering life-history data (family constellation, early recollections, personal priorities) sharing interpretations with clients, offering encouragement, and assisting clients in searching for new possibilities.

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Techniques of Existential Therapy

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Few techniques flow from this approach, because it stresses understanding first and technique second. The therapist can borrow techniques from other approaches and incorporate them in an existential framework. Diagnosis, testing and external measurements are not deemed important. The approach can be very confrontive

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Techniques of Person-Centered Therapy

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Therapy is relationship centered not technique centered. Counselors use active listening, reflection of feeling, clarification, summarization, confrontation, direct or open ended questions and "being there" for the client. This model does not include diagnostic testing, interpretation, taking a case history, or questioning or probing for information. Counselors refrain from giving advice or solutions, moralizing, or making judgments.

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Techniques of Gestalt Therapy

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A wide range of exiperiments are designed to intensify experiencing and to integrate conflicting feelings. Experiments are co-created by therapist and client through I/Thou dialogue. Therapists have latitude to invent their own experiments. Formal diagnosis and testing are not a required part of therapy.

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Techniques of Reality Therapy

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An active, directive, and didactic therapy. Various techniques may be used to get clients to evaluate what they are presently doing to see if they are willing to change. If they decide that their present behavioris not effective, they develop a specific plan for change and make a commitment to follow through.

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Techniques of Behavior Therapy

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The main techniques are systematic desensitization, relaxation methods, flooding, eye movement and desensitization reprocessing, reinforcement techniques, modeling, cognitive restructuring, assertion and soical skills training, self management programs, behavioral rehearsal, coaching, and various multimodal therapy techniques. Diagnosis or assessment is done at the outset to determine a treatment plan. Questions are used, such as "what" "how" and "when" but not "why". Contracts and homework assignments are also typically used.

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Techniques of Cognitive Behavior Therapy

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An active, directive, time-limited, present-centered, structured therapy. Some techniques include engaging in Socratic dialogue, debating irrational beliefs, carrying out homework assignments, gathering data on assumptions one has made, keeping a record of activities, forming alternative interpretations, learning new coping skills, changing one's language and thinking patterns, role playing, imagery, and confronting faulty beliefs.

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Techniques of Feminist Therapy

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Practitioners tent to employ consciousness raising techniques aimed at helping clients recognize the impact of gender-role socialization on their lives. Other techniques frequently used include gender-role analysis and intervention, power analysis and intervention, bibliotherapy, journal writing, therapist self-disclosure, assertiveness training, reframing and relabeling, cognitive restructuring, identifying and challendging untested beliefs, role playing, psychodramatic methods, group work and social action.

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Techniques of Family Systems Therapy

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There is a diversity of techniques, depending on the particular theoretical orientation. Interventions may target behavior change, perceptual change, or both. Techniques include using genograms, teaching, asking questions, family scuppting, joining the family, tracking sequences, issuing directives, anchoring, use of countertransference, family mapping, refraining, paradoxical interventions, restructuring, enactments, and setting boundaries. Techniques may be experiential, cognitive, or behavioral in nature. Most are designed to bring about change in a short time.

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Repression

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preventing painfull or dangerous thoughts from entering consciousness, feelings, thoughts, and memories are pushed down and stored in the unconscious as recall may be painful.

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Reaction formation

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is taking the opposite belief because the true belief causes anxiety, unconsciously exhibiting overly nice behavior to conceal hostile feelings

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Denial

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another name for suppression, is to argue against the anxiety by denying that the anxiety exists, deal with anxiety by closing his/her eyes

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Projection

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asking your partner if he is mad at you, when you are mad at him, placing unacceptable behavior in oneself onto another.

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Displacement

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discharging or transferring pent-up feelings, usually of hostility, on objects less dangerous than those that initially aroused the emotions, being angry at the boss and therefore coming home and kicking the dog

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Rationalization

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an attempt to provide reasonable explanations for questionable behaviors to appear logical, rational, or valid, used to react to guilt, claiming no remorse over the promotion you did not receive in order to conceal your disappointment.

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Sublimation

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gratifying frustrated sexual desires in substitute non-sexual activities and socially acceptable or creative activities. An athlete may unconsciously choose his/her profession to release anger, positive form of displacement.

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Regression

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returning to a previous stage of development, reverting to a less-mature state, a teenager whose parents are contemplating divorce starts wetting the bed.

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Compensation

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or substitution to attempt to make up for some feeling of inadequacy by excelling, covering up weaknesses by emphasizing desirable trait or making up for frustration in one area by overgratification in another, a person with total deafness becoming a master painter.

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Identification

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Increasing feelings of worth (attitudes, values, standards, characteristics) by identifying with person or institution of illustrious standing, usually exercised with others of power and status, a high school drop-out joining a gang.

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Introjection

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incorporates the attitudes of the parents and assumes those are his/her own, incorporate external values and standards into the ego. Person will assume responsibility for events outside of their control and blame oneself such as failed marriage or loss of a ballgame, an abused child becoming an abuser.

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Fantasy

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(daydreaming-escape, anticipation of the future) gratifying frustrated desires in imginary achievements

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Adlerian Therapy

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Relationship based on mutual respect and identifying, exploring, and disclosing mistaken goals and faulty assumptions. This is followed by a reeducation of the client toward a useful side of life. The main aim of therapy is to develop the client's sense of belonging and to assist in the adoption of behaviors and processes characterized by community feeling and social interest.

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Retroflection

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doing to oneself what one would like to do to someone else.

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Attending

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the attention the counselor pays to the client during a session, includes listening to the client and both verbal and nonverbal interaction. In task-facilitative attending behavior the counselor's attention is on the client. In distractive attending behavior the counselor's attention is on her or her own concerns.

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Empathy

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the ability to recognize, perceive, and understand the emotions of another.

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Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Techniques

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Sessions involve teaching and confrontation - techniques include homework assignments and bibliotherapy.

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Transaction Analysis Techniques

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Counselor acts as teacher - techniques include contracts for change, interrogation, confrontation, and illustration.

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Behavioral (& Cognitive Behavioral) Therapy Techniques

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Counselor is the expert, teaching and directing - techniques include positive and negative reinforcement, environment planning, desensitization, implosion, flooding, and stress inoculation.

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Stress Inoculation

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Developed by Donald Meichenbaum as part of his "Self-Instructional Therapy". It has three phases: 1. Educational: in which the problem is identified and the client is given information about what to expect, 2. Rehearsal, in which the client practices the stressful event or behavior while using relaxation techniques 3. Implementation: in which the client uses the new skills to deal with the stressful situation.

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Racket

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in Transactional Analysis a set of behaviors that originate from a childhood script

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Collecting Trading Stamps

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in Transactional Analysis, the saving up of enduring, non-genuine feelings, then "trading" them for a script milestone such as a drinking binge or an anger outburst.

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Reality Therapy

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after establishing a relationship with the client, the counselor acts as teacher and model - techniques promote responsibility, working in the present, and stress freedom without blame.

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Psychoanalysis

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Exploration of the unconscious through such techniques as free association, and the analysis and interpretation of dreams.

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Adlerian

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The counselor exhibits empathy and support - techniques include modeling and education with homework and goal-setting assignments

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Person Centered

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Counselor exhibits acceptance and empathy - techniques include open-ended questions and active/passive listening

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Existential

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Emphasis is on free will and personal responsibility for choices - techniques include the use of literature, modeling, and sharing of experiences - anxiety is used as a motivator.

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Flooding therapy

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The exposure of the client to the actual anxiety stimulus in conjunction with response prevention. Care is necessary to insure that overexposure does not increase anxiety.

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Behavioral rehearsal

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A role-playing strategy in which a client acts out a behavior he wants to change or acquire. Can be quite useful in assertiveness training.

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Fixed role therapy

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A treatment method created by George Kelly in which the client is instructed to read a script at least three times a day, then act, speak and think like the script's character.

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Implosive therapy

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A method for decreasing anxiety by exposing the client to an imaginary anxiety stimulus. The method is risky because overexposure can actually increase anxiety.

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Aversive conditioning

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The application of an unpleasant stimulus in an effort to reduce or eliminate an unwanted behavior.

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Systematic desensitization

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A type of behavioral therapy to help overcome anxiety and phobias. The client is taught relaxation techniques, and then uses those techniques to react to and overcome situations in a hierarchy of fears.

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Umwelt, Mitwelt, & Eigenwelt

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in Existential philosophy the three components of the conscious experience of being alive - is biological, is social, and is psychological.

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Paraphrasing

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the counselor rephrases what the client has said.

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Summarization

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the counselor sums up or reviews what has happened in a session or in the course of therapy.

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aversion therapy

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Is associated with punishment?

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loss of objectivity

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According to Caplan, the most common reason for a request for consultation is

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Reality

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According to this theory, individuals many times act in inappropriate ways to get the love they need, to feel they are loving others, and to feel they have self-worth

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Mandating continuing education, Indicating minimum proficiency, Protecting the public

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Certification serves the purpose of------- Certification serves to signify to the public that an individual has attained a minimum level of knowledge, education and experience. This intended thereby to protect the public as much as possible, from incompetent practitioners. Certification indicates to the public a minimum level of proficiency in the field and mandates that a practitioner is continuing to upgrade his/her education so as to stay current in new information and ideas. It has nothing to do with allowing a therapist to practice.

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Person-Centered (Carl Roger)

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reflection vs. advice, Conditions for Growth:Empathy, Genuineness / Congruence, Unconditional (+) regard, -> self actualization

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Fertz Perls

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Created Gestalt Therapy, empty chair technique (individual can work on opposing feeling); underdog; topdog

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Aaron Beck (Cognitive-Behavioral Therapist)

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Is a Cognitive therapy for depression that aims to replace negative or irrational thoughts with more reasonable, adaptive ones

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Joseph Wolpe (systematic desensitization) steps

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Came up with relaxation training, construction-anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, in vivo desensitization.

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therapeutic cognitive restructuring (REBT)

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irrational thinking - core of emotional disturbance, cognitive dispution-refuting irrational ideas and replacing them with rational ones.

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(REBT) ABCDE

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Affecting agent, Belief system, Consequence, Disputing the irrational belief, Effective new philosophy.

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Reality Theory (William Glassier)

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like a friend asking what is wrong, client and counselor be persistent and never give up past... not a primary focus, successful behaviors little use of diagnostic labels.

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Person-Centered Therapy (Carl Rogers)

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Therapy where the individual is good and moves toward growth and self-actualization

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Transactional Analysis (Eric Berne)

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Messages learned about self in childhood determine whether person is good or bad, though intervention can change this script

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Gestalt (Fertz Perls)

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People are not bad or good. People have the capcity to govern life effectively as "whole". People are part of their environment and must be viewed as such.

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REBT (Albert Ellis)

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People have a cultural / biological propensity to think in a disturbed manner but can be taught to use their capacity to react differently

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Reality Therapy (William Glasser)

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Individuals strive to meet basic psychological needs and the need to be worthwile to self and others. Brain as control system tries to meet needs.

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psychological positions in the family

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One of the reasons for the life style assessment phase of Adlerian Therapy is to determine the client's

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Empathy

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In Person-Centered counseling, when the counselor accurately senses the client's feeling and personal meaning, the counselor is displaying

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Non-directive. experiential, reflective, passive

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Which of the following best describes the Person-Centered counselor?

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geuineness

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When the Person-Centered counselor is fully oneself, spontaneous and role-free in all therapeutic relationships, the counselor is displaying

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genuineness, and to provide a climate of safety and freedom

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Main conditions for a psychological growth promoting climate in the Person-centered approach is and A basic goal of the Person-Centered approach is

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actualizing tendency

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Which of the following is a major concept of Person-Centered therapy?

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a symbol of social bonding

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In Jungian terms, transference is

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humanistic

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The Person-Centered approach is a form of ________therapy.

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to provide a climate of safety and freedom

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A basic goal of the Person-Centered approach is and Which of the following techniques would be most emphasized in Person-Centered therapy?

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actual, present behavior

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The "here and now" orientation of Gestalt therapy refers to

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unfinished business

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In Gestalt therapy, situation that are unresolved and are forced into the client's background that continue to influence his/her present behavior are

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bi-polar role play, unfinished business

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Enactment is a strategy Gestaltists use with and The concept of figure-ground in Gestalt therapy can best be understood by which of the following?

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Psychoanalytic

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From which major approach to psychotherapy were most other approaches developed or evolved?

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Adlerian

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Family constellation and family dynamics, early childhood memories, birth order, and past and present ecological factors are important data in ____theory.

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Adlerian

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A technique call "spitting in the soup" of the client would most likely be used by a therapist employing______theory.

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Jungian

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For client who came from a culture that placed a great deal of emphasis upon spiritual aspects of living and problem-solving________therapy would probably be helpful.

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Gestalt

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The concepts of figure-ground, polarities, and contact are identified with _____therapy.

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Gestalt

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The principle of, "awareness as curative" is an essential tenet in _____therapy.

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Reality therapy

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A counselor refuses to listen to a client's explanation as to why the client was unable to carry out plans made in their previous sessions. This counselor is most likely practicing

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it is based on the scientific method

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What clearly distinguishes behavior therapy for other approaches is

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move toward greater self-realization

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According to Jung, the aim of therapy is to help the client

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the person is given unconditional positive regard, the therapist is non-directive

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In Rogers' approach to therapy

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the unique way we develop our own style of life

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When Adler spoke of individuality, he referred to

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Social interest

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In Adler's theory, an innate sense of kinship with humanity is called

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Superiority and individual psychology

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According to Adler, the ultimate goal in life is_________and Adler's theory of personality is called

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striving to maintain balance and taking responsibility for one's actions

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In Gestalt therapy, people are motivated by and Gestalt therapy involves

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taking responsibility for one's actions

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A major goal of reality therapy is

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as the end result of a process of discouragement

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How would the Adlerian therapist view the personal problems of clients?

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it allows clients to relive their past in therapy

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Analysis of transference is central to psychoanalysis because

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archetype

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To Jung, inherited personality building blocks of the unconscious are called

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irrational thinking and behavior

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RET view neurosis as the result of

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a unitary way to approach peoples' problems

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The multimodal orientation emphasizes

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thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting

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The four functions of Jungian consciousness are

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universal patterns, and represented by religions

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Jungian archetypes are

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Freud's Id

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The Jungian concept of the "shadow" may best be compare to

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individuation

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For Jungian therapy, _____is the ultimate goal for the client.

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The Center for Application of Psychological Type

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One current measure of the popularity of Jungian psychology is

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eliminating maladaptive learning and providing for more effective learning

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The main goal of behavior therapy is

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the principles of learning

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Behavior therapy is grounded in

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reciprocal exchanges

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Bandura's social learning theory explains behavior as

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Insight strategies

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____________ are concerned with the client's own self-discovery.

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fixation

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Of the defense mechanisms discussed in psychoanalytic therapy, ________, described a psychological stunting of growth where the person fails to move from one developmental stage to another. (Fear of leaving the old for the new.)

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regression

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A person who exhibits behavior that clearly shows signs of reverting to less mature stages is likely to be using which ego defense?

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Addictive empathy

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Is most desirable since it adds to the client's understanding and awareness

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Subtractive empathy

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The counselor's behavior does not completely convey an understanding of what has been communicated.

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Social Influence core

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This core focuses on: expertise, attractiveness and trustworthiness

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Human relations core

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This core focuses on: empathy, positive regard ( or respect) and genuineness

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Existential therapy is a process of searching for the value and meaning in life.

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What is existential therapy?

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Attention is given to clients' immediate ongoing experience with the aim of helping them develop a greater presence in their quest for meaning and purpose.

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What is attention given to in Existential Therapy?

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The therapist's basic task is to help clients recognize that they do not have to remain passive victims of their circumstances but instead can consciously become architects of their lives.

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What is the therapist's basic task for Existential Therapy?

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Viktor Frankl, Rollo May, James Bugental, and Irvin Yalom.

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Who are 4 key figures in existential therapy?

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Frued and Adler

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Who were Viktor Frankl and Rollo May influenced by?

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The capacity for self-awareness, the tension between freedom and responsibility, the creation of an identity and establishing meaningful relationships, the search for meaning, accepting anxiety as a condition of living, and the awareness of death and nonbeing.

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What are the 6 basic dimensions of the human condition?

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The greater our awareness, the greater our possibilities for freedom.

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What is the relationship between awareness and freedom?

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Awareness is realizing that: -we are finite; time is limited, we have the potential/the choice to act or not to act, meaning is not automatic; we must seek it, we are subject to loneliness, meaninglessness, emptiness, guilt, and isolation.

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What are the 4 key points of Awareness?

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Existential guilt is being aware of having evaded a commitment, or having chose not to choose. It is the guilt experienced from not living authentically.

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What is existential guilt?

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Identity is the courage to be. We must trust ourseves to search within and find our own answers. Our greatest fear is that we will discover that there is no core, no self.

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What is the idea of "identity" in existential therapy? What is our greatest fear?

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Relatedness: humans crave ties with others and with nature.

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What is "relatedness" in existential therapy?

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At their best, our relationships are based on our desire for fulfillment, not our deprivation. Relationships that spring from our sense of deprivation are clinging, parasitic, and symbiotic.

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What must relationships be based on to be healthy?

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Meaning: like pleasure, meaning must be pursued obliquely. Finding meaning in life is a by-product of a commitment to creating, loving, and working.

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What is the Search for Meaning?

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The will to meaning is our primary striving. Life is not meaningful in itself; the individual must create and discover meaning.

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What is "the will to meaning"?

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The person-to-person relationship is key and the relationship demands that therapists be in contact with their own phenomenological world

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What's important about the therapy journey taken by therapist and client (in existential therapy)?

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respect and faith in the client's potential to cope and sharing reactions with genuine concern and empathy

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What is the core of the therapeutic relatioship in existential therapy?

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existential and phenomenological - it is grounded in the client's "here and now"

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What type of therapy is Gestalt Therapy?

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For clients to gain awareness of what they are experiencing and doing NOW.

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What is the initial goal of Gestalt Therapy? For clients to gain awareness of...

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GT promotes direct EXPERIENCING rather than the abstractness of TALKING ABOUT situations. Ex: Rather than TALK about a chldhood trauma, the client is encouraged to BECOME the hurt child.

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How does Gestalt Therapy help clients gain awareness of what they are experiencing and doing NOW?

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The present, the now and has not yet arrived

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in Gestalt, the "power is in the..." and nothing exists except the... and the past is gone and the future...

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lost and they may focus on past mistakes or engage in endless resolutions and plans for the future.

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For many people, the power of the present is...

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unexpressed and associated with distinct memories and fantasies and feelings not fully expressed linger in the background and interfere with effective contact

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GT believes that feelings about the past are...

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Preoccupation, compulsive behavior, wariness, oppressive energy, and self-defeating behavior.

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What is the result of feelings of the past being left unexpressed?

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Contact is interacting with nature and with other people without losing one's individuality.

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What is CONTACT?

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Resistance to contact is the defense we develop to prevent us from experiencing the present fully.

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What is RESISTANCE TO CONTACT?

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Introjection (tendency to uncritically accept others' beliefs and standards without assimilating them to make them congruent with who we are), Projection (reverse of introjection; we disown certain aspects of ourselves and assign them to the environment), Retroflection (doing to ourselves what we would like to do to others. ex. Aggression), Deflection (process of distraction so that it is difficult to maintain a sustained sense of contact), Confluence (a blurring of the differentiation between the self and the environment)

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What are the five major channels of resistance?

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They are used to elicit emotion, produce action, or achieve a specific goal and also used to allow client to experience emotions in the here and now

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What are the experiments in Gestalt Therapy used for?

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So that they can feel comfortable suggesting them, so that they can understand what the client is experiencing, and so that they can accurately judge when an experiment is appropriate for a particular client.

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Why is it important for therapists to personally experience the power of Gestalt experiments before they try them on their clients?

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A relationship must be established so that clients will feel trusting enough to participate. Therapists should ask clients if they are willing to try an experiment and also tell clients that the can stop when they choose to--the power is with the client.

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Why/how must clients be prepared for Gestalt Experiments?

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internal dialogue exercise, making the rounds (group), rehearsal exercise, reversal technique, exaggeration, staying with the feeling

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What are the various types of Gestalt Experiments?

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Carl Rogers

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Who developed Person-Centered Therapy and the humanistic movement in psychotherapy?

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his family life and background

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What in Rogers's life impacted the development of the theory?

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Non-judgemental listening and acceptence

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What are the 2 core themes of the theory of person-centered therapy if clients are to change?

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he applied it by training policymakers, leaders, and groups in conflict. He was nominated for a Nobel Peace prize.

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how did Rogers apply person centered therapy to world peace later in his professional career?

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PCT challenges the assumption that the "counselor knows best"

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What does Person-Centered Therapy challenge about assumptions of the counselor?

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PCT challenges the validity of advice, suggestion, persuasion, teaching, diagnosis, and interpretation

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What does PCT challenge the validity of?

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PCT challenges the belief that clients cannot understand and respove their own problems without direct help.

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What does PCT challenge about assumptions of the client?

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persons. PCT challenges the focus on problems over persons.

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What does PCT focus on, problems or persons?

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given a particular therapeutic climate, individuals will choose for themselves a growth producing and psychologically healthy direction for their lives.

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What does PCT assume given a particular therapeutic climate? (main point of PCT)

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Therapy as a journey shared by two fallible people, the person's innate striving for self-actualization, the personal characteristics of the therapist and the quality of the therapeutic relationship, the counselor's creation of a permissive "growth promoting climate", people are capable of self-directed growth if involved in a therapeutic relationship,

answer

PCT emphasizes these 5 things:

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congruence (genuineness or realness), unconditional positive regard (acceptance and caring but not approval of all behavior, accurate empathic understanding (an ability to deeply grasp the client's subjective world -- helper attitudes are more important than knowledge)

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What 3 things make up a growth promoting climate in PCT?

question

1. Two persona are in psychological contact, 2. The client is experiencing incongruency, 3. The therapist is congruent/integrated in the relationship, 4. The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard/real caring for the client, 5. The therapist experiences empathy for the client's internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this to the client, 6. The communication to the client is, to a minimal degree, achieved

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What are the 6 conditions that are necessary and sufficient for personality changes to occur in PCT?

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The therapist...focuses on the QUALITY of the therapeutic relationship, Serves as a MODEL of a human being struggling toward greater realness, Is GENUINE, integrated, and authentic, without a false front, Can OPENLY EXPRESS feelings and attitudes that are present in the relationship with the client.

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What are the 4 things that are important for the therapist in Person-Cenetered Therapy?

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Independence and integration of the individual

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What does the person-centered approach aim toward a greater degree of?

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the growth process

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What does PCT assist clients in?

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...a climate conducive to helping the individual becom a fully functioning person.

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The underlying goal of the PCT approach is to provide...

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masks or the facades that clients are wearing

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What does PCT help remove?

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an openness to experience, a trust in themselves, an internal source of evaluation, a willingness to keep on growing

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Rogers states that once the masks are removed, clients can become increasingly more actualized by (4 things):

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That they have the same underlying problem

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What do reality therapists believe about most clients?

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They are either involved in a present unsatisfying relationship or lack what could even be called a relationship

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What are most clients' problems when they come to reality therapy?

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their inability to connect, get close to others, or to have a satisfying or successful relationship with at least one of the significant people in their lives

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What are clients problems usually caused by?

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That clients choose their behaviors as a way to deal with the frustration caused by an unsatisfying relationship

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What do therapists recognize about clients' behaviors?

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responsibility

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What is the emphasis in reality therapy?

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To keep therapy focused on the present

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What is the therapist's function in Reality Therapy?

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We often mistakenly choose misery in our best attempt to meet our needs

answer

Why do we often mistakenly choose misery?

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when we meet our needs without keeping others from meeting their needs

answer

When do we act responsibly?

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meeting one or more of our basic human needs

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What is all internally motivated behavior geared towards

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Belonging, Power, Freedom, Survival (Physiological needs)

answer

What are the 5 basic needs, according to reality therapy?

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A control system to get us what we want....and to continually monitor our feelings to determine how well we are doing in our lifelong effort to satisfy these needs.

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What does our brain function as?

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Choice theory states that all we ever do from birth to death is behave and with rare exceptions, everything we do is chosen.

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What does choice theory state?

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WDEP: W - Wants (what do you want to be and do? -your picture album), D - Doing and Direction (what are you doing? Where do you want to go?), E - Evaluation (does your present behavior have a reasonable chance of getting you what you want?), P - Planning (SAMIC)

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What are the procedures that lead to change?

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S - Simple (Easy to understand, specific and concrete), A - Attainable (Within the capacities and motivation of the client), M - Measurable (Are the changes observable and helpful?), I - Immediate and Involved (What can be done today? What can you do?), C - Controlled (Can you do this by yourself or will you be dependent on others?)

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What are the rules for planning for change? (SAMIC)

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DOING (active behaviors), THINKING (thoughts, self-statements), FEELINGS (anger, joy, pain, anxiety), PHYSIOLOGY (bodily reactions)

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What comprises total behavior?

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a set of clinical procedures relying on experimental findings of psychological research.

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What is behavior therapy?

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principles f learning that are systematically applied and Treatment goals are specific and measurable.

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What is behavior therapy based on?

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specifically it is used to help people change maladaptive behaviors to adaptive behaviors and client's current problems

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What does behavior therapy focus on?

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skills of self-management

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What does behavior therapy teach clients?

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to identify specific goals at the outset of the therapeutic process

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What is the hallmark of behavior therapy?

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The client determines what behavior will be changed but the therapist determines how this behavior can be best modified and an active and directive role

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What kind of role do behavior therapists assume?

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GESTALT Therapy

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Focus on awareness of moment to moment experiencing and the belief that people are responsible for their own behaivor and their active participation in here and now. "AH HA" moments. Chief figure is Fritz Perls

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Existential Therapy

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A process of searching for the value and meaning of life. The individual must find the "will for life" People have freedom to find meaning in what they do and what they experience including the spiritual beliefs and therefore responsible. Chief figures Viktor Frankl and Rollo May

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Gestalt Therapy Techniques

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1. Dream Work - Clients present dreams 2. Empty Chair - Clients talk to and focus is an empty chair 3. Confrontation - Counselors point out behaviors 4. Making the Rounds - used in group responses by each member 5. I take responsibility - client makes statement and .....6. Exaggeration - overly expressing movements or gestures to make meaning apparent

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Reality Therapy

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The underlying problem of all clients is the same: they are either involved in a present unsatisfying relationship or lack what could even be called a relationship. Primary need is to be love, belong, and feel worthwhile "WDEP" W= wants and needs; D= direction and doing; E= evaluation; and P = planning and commitment. Chief figures is William Glasser and Robert Wubbolding

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Behavior Therapy

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Based on the belief that all behavior is learned. Goals of therapy are to eliminate maladaptive behavior while learning adaptive behavior. Stresses current behavior and measurable treatment goals. the behaviorists theorized that human activity was based on a learning model depending upon trial and error. Behavior that produced a pleasurable or useful result was retained and all other behavior was ignored and abandoned over time. Clarify behavior, target behavior, goals of therapy, implement change, evaluate, follow-up assessemnt. Chief figures are Skinner, Bandura, Lazarus, and Wolpe.

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Classical Conditioning

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links a stimulus with a response

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Positive reinforcement

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Receiving something desirable as a consequence of a given behavior ( getting a hug for cleaning up your room)

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Negative reinforcement

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withdrawal or termination of an unpleasant stimulus as a result of performing a desired behavior ( removing the punishment after it is completed. No longer being grounded and the bedroom is clean)

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Transactional Analysis

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Focus on interaction, communication, early (in life) decisions , and the ability of each person to move these early decisions. Life Scripts - eache person makes one by the age of five based on interpretations of external events. 'I'm ok, you're OK, and I'm not OK and you're not OK Chief figure is Eric Berne

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Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

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Stresses thinking, judging, deciding, analyzing, and doing; helping people realize that they can live more rational and productive lives, assisting people in changing self-defeating thoughts and behaviors, and encouraging clients to be more tolerant of themselves and others. Belief that thoughts influence feelings and behaivor. If a person changes a way of thinking, then feelings and behaviors will be modified as a result 1. A - Activating event 2. B - Belief about A 3. C - Consequence (emotinal reaction to B) Focus on dispelling irrational beliefs through confrontation and re-education Recommended for clients with mental impairments. Chief figure is Albert Ellis.

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Family Therapy / Transgenerational Family Therapies

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Families and other natural systems respond in organized pattern behaviors. Goal is to help individuals differentiate from their family's emotional togetherness. Chief figure is Murray Bowen

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Experiential Family Therapy/ Brief Faimly Therapy

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stresses the importance of congruent communication both between others and within self. If individuals are able to become more in touch with the messages within themselves, they are then able to communicate more congruently with others. Focus on pwer games in family and solving problems using creative strategic interventions designed to bypass resistance. Chief figures are Virginia Satir and Carl Whittakerm Kyuge; Luige Boscolo, Gianfranco Cecchia

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Family Systems Theory

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Individuals are best understood within the context of relationships and through assessing the interactions within the entire family. Neither the individual nor the family are to "blame" . Genograms (family diagrams) are used to explore the family's process and rules. Chief figures a0 Alfred Adler (Adlerian family therapy) b. Murray Bowen (Multigenerational family therapy) c. Virginia Satir (Human validation process model) d. Carl Whitaker (Experiential.symbolic family therapy) e. Salvador Minuchin (Structural family therapy)

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Genograms (family diagrams)

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Are used to explore the family's process and rules. May include birth order and family birth dates, cultural and ethnic origins, religious affiliations, socioeconomic status, type of contact among family members, as well as proximity of family members.

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Group Counseling

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four stages of group development include. Stage 1 - Initial Stage - orientation and exploration, Stage 2 - Transition Stage - dealing with resistance Stage 3 - Working Stage - cohesion and productivity Stage 4 - Final Stage - cosolidation and termination. Members must beleive that change is possible. Individuals learn that others have the same bad thoughts and feelings. Deveolpment of techniques (social skills), model behaviors, and learn one must take ultimate responsibility for the way he/she lives their life no matter how much guidance and support is given by others. Small Group Process/Stages: Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning.

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Feminist Therapy

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Feminist therapists emphasize that societal gender-role expecations profoundly influence a person's identity form the moment of birth and become deeply ingrained in adult personality. Children learn society's view of gender and apply it to themselves. Cultural feminist believe opprssion stems from society's devaluation of women's strengths. Radical feminist focus on oppression of wome that is embedded in partriarchy and seek to change society thorug activism. Feminists challenge all forms of oppression through insight, intorspection, or self-awareness to free women (and men) of roles that have prohibited them from realizing their potential.

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The Basic Philosophy of Psychanalytic Therapy

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Human beings are basically determined by psychic energy and by early experiences. Unconscious motives and conflicts are central in present behavior. Irrationa forces are strong; the person is driven by sexual and agressive impulses. Early development is of critical importance because later personality problems have their roots in repressed childhood conflicts.

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The Basic Philosophy of Adlierian Therapy

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Humans are motivated by soical interest, by striving toward goals, and by dealing with the tasks of life. Emphasis is on the individual's positive capacities to live in society cooperatively. People have the capacity to interpret, influence, and create events. Each person at an early age creates a unique style of life, which tends to remain relatively constant throughout life.

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The Basic Philosophy of Existential Therapy

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The central focus is on the nature of the human condition, which includes a capacity for self-awareness, freedom of choice to decide one's fate. responsibility, anxiedty, the search for a unique meaning in a meaningless world, being alone and being in relation with others, and facing the reality of death.

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The Basic Philosophy of Person-Centered Therapy

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The view of humans is positive; we have an inclination toward becoming fully functioning. In the context of the therapeutic relationship, the client experiences feelings that were previously denied to awareness. The client actualizes potential and moves toward increased awareness, spontaneity, trust in self, and inner-directedness.

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The Basic Philosophy of Gestalt Therapy

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The person strives for wholeness and integration of thinking, feeling, and behaving. The view is antideterministic in that the person is viewed as having the capacity to recognize how earlier influences are related to present difficulties. As an experiential approach, it is grounded in the here and now and emphasizes personal choice and responbility

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The Basic Philosophy of Reality Therapy

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Based on choice theory, this approach assumes that we are by nature social creatures and we need quality relationships to be happy. Psychological problemsare the result of our resisting the control by others or of our attempt to control others. Choice theory is an explanaion of human nature and how to best achieve good relationships.

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The Basic Philosophy of Behavior Therapy

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Behavior is the product of learning. We are both the product and the producer of the environment. No set of unifying assumptions about behavior can incorporate all the existing procedures in the behavioral field.

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The Basic Philosophy of Cognitive Behavior Therapy

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Individuals tend to incorporae faulty thinking, which leads to emotional and behavioral disturbances. Cognitions are the major determinants of how we feel and act. Therapy is primarily oriented toward cognition and behavior, and it stresses the role of thinking, deciding, questioning, doing, and redeciding. This isa psychoeducational model, which emphasizes therapy as a learning process, including acquiring and practicing new skills, learning new ways of thinking, and acquiring more effective ways of coping with problems.

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The Basic Philosophy of Feminist Therapy

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Feminists criticize many traditional theories to the degree that they are based on gender-biased concepts and practices of being: androcentric, gendercentric, ethnocentric, heterosexist, and intrapsychic. The constructsof feminist therapy include being gender-free, flexible, interactionist, and life-span-0riented.

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The Basic Philosophy of Family Systems Therapy

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The family is viewed from an interactive and systemic perspecitve. Clients are connected to a living systeml a change in one part of the systme will result in a change in other parts. The family provides the context for understanding how individuals function in relationship to others and how they behave. Treatment is best focused on the family unit. An individual's dysfunctional behavior grows out of the interactional unit of the family and out of larger systems as well.

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Psychoanalytic Therapy - Key Concepts

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Normal personality development is basedon successful resolution and integration of psychosexual stages of development. Faulty personality development is the result of inadequate resolution of some specific stage. Id, ego, and superego constitute the basis of personality structure. Anxiety is a result of repression of basic conflicts. Unconscious processes are centrally related to current behavior.

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Adlerian Therapy - Key Concepts

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It stresses the unity of personality, the need to view people from their subjective perspecive, and the importance of life goals that give direction to behavior. People are motivated by social interest and by finding goals to give life meaning. Other key concepts are striving for significance and superiority, developeing aunique lifestyle, andunderstanding the family constellation. Therapy is a matter of providing encouragement and assisting clients in changing their cognitive perspective.

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Existential Therapy - Key Concepts

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It is an experiential therapy. Essentially an approach to counseling rather than a firm theoretical model, it stresses core human conditions. Normally, personality development is based on th euniqueness of each individual. Sense of self develops from infancy. Self-determination and a tendency toward growth are central ideas. Focus is on th present and on what one is becoming; that is, the approach has a future orientation. It stresses self-awareness before action.

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Person-Centered Therapy - Key Concepts

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The client has the potential to become aware of problems and the means toreslove them. Faith is placed in the client's capacity for self-direction. Mental health is a congruence of ideal self and real self. Maladjustment is the result of a discrepancy between what one wants to be and what one is. Focus is on the present moment and on experiencing and expressing feelings

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Gestalt Therapy - Key Concepts

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Emphasis is on the "what" and "how" of experiencing in the here and now to help clients accept their polarities. Key concepts include holism, figure-formation process, awareness, unfinished business and avoidance, contact, and energy.

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Reality Therapy - Key Concepts

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The basic focus is on what clients are doing and how to get them to evaluate whether their present actions are working for them. People create their feelingsby the choices they make and by what they do. The approach rejects the medical model, the notion of transference, the unconsicious, and dwelling on one's past.

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Behavior Therapy - Key Concepts

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Focus is on overt behavior, precision in specifying goals of treatment, development of specific treatment plans, and objective evaluation of therapy outcomes. Therapy is based on the principles of learning theory. Normal behavior is learned through reinforcement and initation. Abnormal behavior is the result of faulty learning. This approach stresses present behavior.

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Cognitive Behavior Therapy - Key Concepts

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Although psychological problems may be rooted in childhood, they are perpetuated through reindoctrination in the now. A person's belieft system is the primary cause of disorders. Internal dialogue plasy a central role in one's behavior. Clients focus on examining faulty assumptions and misconceptions and on replacing these with effective beliefs.

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Feminist Therapy - Key Concepts

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Core priniciples that form the foundation for practice of feminist therapy are the personal is political, the counseling relationship is egalitarian, women's experiences are honored, definitions of distress and mental illness are reformulated, emphasis on gender equality, and commitment to confronting oppression on any grounds.

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Family Systems Therapy - Key Concepts

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Focus is on communication patterns with a family, both verbal and nonverbal. Problems in relationships are likely to be passed on form generation to generation. Symptoms are viewed as ways of communicating with the aim of controlling other family members. Key concepts vary depending on specific orientation but include differentiation, triangles, power coalitions, family-of-origin dynamics, functional versus dysfunctional interaction patterns, family rules governing communication, and dealing with here-and-now interactions. The present is more important thatn exploring past experiences.

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