Module 29: Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement – Flashcards
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a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. from interplay between nature and nuture (push and pull)
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motivation
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genetically predisposed behaviors
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Instinct theory (evolutionary theory)
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how we respond to our inner pushes
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drive-reduction
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finding the right level of stimulation
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arousal theory
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maslow priority of some needs over others
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hierarchy of needs
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a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
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instinct
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Genes do predispose some species-typical behavior
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underlying of assumption of evolutionary psychology
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the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. need--> drive--> drive reducing behavior
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drive-reduction theory
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a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.
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homeostasis
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a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
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incentive
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the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
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Yerkes-Dodson law
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Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.
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a hierarchy of needs
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need to find meaning and identity beyond the self
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self-transcendence needs
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need to live up to our fullest and unique potential
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self-actualization needs
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need for self-esteem, acheivement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others
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esteem needs
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need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted;need to avoid loneliness and seperation
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belongingness and love needs
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need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure and stable
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saftey needs
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need to satisfy hunger and thirst
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physiological needs
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need to belong the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group.
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affiliation need
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Human beings, contended personality theorist Alfred Adler, have an "urge to community". Our psychological needs drive our adaptive behaviors and, when satisfied, enhance our psychological well-being
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Alfred Adler
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deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups. anterior cingulate cortex, that also activate in response to physical pain
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ostracism
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Adults who formed attachments were more likely to reproduce and to co-nurture their offspring to maturity. Attachment bonds motivated caregivers to keep children close, calming them and protecting them from threats Cooperation also enhanced survival.
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Benefits of belonging
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a sense of personal control
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autonomy
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a gauge of how valued and accepted we feel
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self-esteem
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social amplifier
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By connecting like-minded people, the Internet serves as a ____________. In times of social crisis or personal stress, it provides information and supportive connections. For better or for worse, it enables people to compare their lives with others
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Lonely people tend to spend greater-than-average time online, while social butterflies gravitate toward face-to-face interactions Self-disclosure is sharing ourselves—our joys, worries, and weaknesses—with others we often are less focused on others' reactions. We are less self-conscious, and thus less inhibited.
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social networking sites
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excessive self-love and self-absorption.
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narcissism
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It will come as no surprise that excessive online socializing and gaming have been associated with lower grades. In one U.S. survey, 47 percent of the heaviest users of the Internet and other media were receiving mostly C grades or lower, as were just 23 percent of the lightest users.
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maintaining balance and focus
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monitor time, monitor feelings, Hide from your more distracting online friends when necessary, When studying, get in the practice of checking your phone only once per hour. ,Try a social networking fast, -controlled social media diet , nature walk
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suggestions
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strengthen increase reveal
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Social networking tends to ___________ (strengthen/weaken) your relationships with people you already know, ___________(increase/decrease) your self-disclosure, and ___________ (reveal/hide) your true personality.
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a desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of skills or ideas; for control; and for attaining a high standard.
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achievement motivation
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high
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people with _____ achievement motivation do achieve more.
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in psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals.
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grit
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regulating one's attention and actions in the face of temptation
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self control
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resilience under stress
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hardiness
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genes predispose species-typical behavior.
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Today's evolutionary psychology shares an idea that was an underlying assumption of instinct theory. That idea is that
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hunger; a "push" to find food
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An example of a physiological need is ________. An example of a psychological drive is ________.
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incentive
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Jan walks into a friend's kitchen, smells cookies baking, and begins to feel very hungry. The smell of baking cookies is a(n) _________
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arousal
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________theory attempts to explain behaviors that do NOT reduce physiological needs.
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moderate
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With a challenging task, such as taking a difficult exam, performance is likely to peak when arousal is
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saftey
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According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, our most basic needs are physiological, including the need for food and water; just above these are ________ needs.
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As adults, adopted children tend to resemble their biological parents and to yearn for an affiliation with them.
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Which of the following is NOT part of the evidence presented to support the view that humans are strongly motivated by a need to belong?
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Yerkes-Dodson law
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The_____ is the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.
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most likeable; most likeable
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Research suggests that people who seemed _____ on their Facebook page seemed _____ in face-to-face meetings.
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relatively high arousal is best.
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Performance on tasks depends on arousal level as well as the type of task. For optimal performance on an easy task:
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self-discipline
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When comparing individuals of similarly high intelligence, one can attribute the success of superstar achievers to their:
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belongingness and love
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Jim just entered high school. After a few weeks, his parents notice that he wants to get some new clothes and change his hairstyle so that he can impress other kids. Jim is MOST likely motivated by _____ needs.
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Brianna will text more
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Brianna and Brandon are college-aged twins. Both have smart phones. Which twin is likely to text MORE each day?
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instinct
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After spending years in the ocean, a mature salmon swims up its home river to return to its birthplace. This behavior is an example of a(n):
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prefrontal cortex
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When Michelle thinks about her family, she feels secure. This is because a sense of belonging activates the _____, the brain region associated with safety.
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self-actualization
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Bob, a successful businessman in his late fifties, has decided that he wants to retire from work. He would like to help with various charities and take an active part in raising his grandchildren. Bob is motivated by _____ needs.
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drive-reduction theory
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Lara's mouth is dry and she realizes that she has not had anything to drink all morning. So, at the next opportunity, she will take an extra-large drink of water. Which of the following can be used to explain why Lara is motivated to drink something?
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saftey
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Armaghan lives in a small Afghani village. She desperately wants to go to school. However, because other girls in the village have been attacked for attending school, her parents do not want to send her. Her parents are motivated by _____ needs.
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aggressive
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People who are excluded from desirable social groups are more likely to become:
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physiological
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The majority of the students in the school where Tanya teaches live below the poverty level. Many come to school without having had breakfast, and so have a hard time focusing on what Tanya is teaching until after lunch. For the first half of the day these students are motivated by _____ needs.
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belongingness and love needs
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Maia has plenty of food and lives in a nice house. Now, she feels the need to find a soulmate, or even a close friend or two, with whom she can share her life. According to Abraham Maslow, what is motivating her?
