Module 26: How We Learn and Classical Conditioning – Flashcards
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Learning
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the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
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Habituation
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an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it
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Associative learning
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learning that certain events occur together.
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Stimulus
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any event or situation that evokes a response
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Cognitive learning
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the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language
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Classical conditioning
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a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
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Neutral stimulus (NS)
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in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
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Unconditioned response (UR)
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an unlearned, naturally occurring response (saliva) to an unconditioned stimulus (food in the mouth)
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Unconditioned stimulus (US)
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a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response (UR)
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Conditioned response (CR)
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a learned response to previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
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Conditioned stimulus (CS)
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an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)
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Acquisition
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in classical conditioning,the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an US so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the CR.
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Higher- order conditioning
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a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.
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Extinction
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the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an US does not follow a CS
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Spontaneous recovery
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the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
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Generalization
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the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
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Discrimination
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the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
