Module 11 Study Guide – Flashcards
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What three things make up the human superstructure?
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muscle, skeleton, skin
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What are the two main differences between smooth muscles and skelatal muscles?
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appearance and whether they operate voluntarily or involuntarily
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Where is the cardiac muscle found? Is it involuntary muscle or a voluntary one?
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It is found in the heart and it is involuntary
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What is produced in the bone marrow?
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blood cells
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What is keratinization? What is it used for?
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Keratinization is the process that hardens living cells. It is used to make the outer layer of the epidermis as well as hair and nails. Keratinization kills cells.
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What two principal substances make up bone? What qualities do they each provide to the bone?
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Collagen, which makes the bones flexible and minerals which make the bones hard and strong.
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What is the difference between compact bone tissue and spongy bone tissue?
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The main difference is that compact bone tissue is packed together tightly while spongy bone tissue has a lot of space between its fibers (giving it a spongy look but still quite hard). Spongy bone tissue is lighter than compact bone tissue.
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Are bones alive?
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Yes, they have blood cells embedded in their tissue.
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What is the difference between an invertebrate and a vertebrate? Is it possible to be neither?
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Vertebrates have backbones, invertebrates don't have backbones. It is possible to be neither if it is from any kingdom other than animalia.
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Are your arms part of the appendicular skeleton or the axial skeleton? What about your neck?
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Arms are part of the appendicular skeleton. Neck is part of axial skeleton.
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What is the difference between an endoskeleton and an exoskeleton? What do we call organisms with exoskeletons?
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An endosketon is a support structure that exists on the outside of an organism, while an endoskeleton is on the inside of the organism. Creatures with exoskeletons are called arthropods.
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Order the following joints in terms of increasing range of motion: ball-and-socket; hinge; saddle
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hinge, saddle, ball-and-socket
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Order the following joints in terms of increasing stability: ball-and-socket; hinge; saddle
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ball-and-socket, saddle, hinge
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What purpose do ligaments serve in the joints?
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Ligaments tend to hold the bones of joints together.
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What purpose does cartilage serve in the joints?
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Cartilage acts as a cushion, keeping the bones from rubbing together.
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How do skeletal muscles attach to the skeleton?
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Skelatal muscles end in tendons, and the tendons attach to the skeleton.
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Describe how the biceps and triceps work together to move the forearm.
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In order to raise the forearm, the biceps contract while the triceps relax. To extend the forearm, the biceps relax while the triceps contract.
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Is the stomach composed of smooth muscle or skeletal muscle?
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The stomach is made of a smooth muscle. You know this because you don't have to think about the stomach muscle in order for it to do its job.
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A sunflower will actually turn throughout the day so that it follows the sun across the sky. What is the term we use to describe this?
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phototropism
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What are the two main functions of hair?
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To insulate and provide sensation
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What are the two main functions of sweat?
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Sweat cools a body down and provides food for beneficial bacteria and fungi which live on your skin.
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Why do your skin cells constantly fall off your body?
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Because the cells on the outer layer are dead.
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What do the sebaceous glands produce, and what are the substance's two main purposes?
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Sebaceous glands produce oil. This oil softens the skin and hair and also makes it hard for bacteria to attach themselves to your skin.
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Classify: the animal has hair
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Mammal
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Classify: the animal breathes through its skin
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Amphibian
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Classify: the animal has scales
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Reptile
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Classify: the animal has feathers
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Bird
