Modern World History Midterm Review – Flashcards
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Ptolemy
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greatest astronomer of antiquity A. D. 100s
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Geocentric
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earth-centered
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Copernicus
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1473-1543; mathematician; cleric from Poland
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Heliocentric
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sun-centered
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Kepler
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1571-1630; German mathematician
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Galileo
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1564-1642; Italian scientist; first to make regular observations using a telescope
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Issac Newton
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1642-1727; professor of mathematics; greatest work of the scientific revolution
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Universal Law of Gravitation
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every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by gravity
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Rene Descartes
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began by considering the doubt and uncertainty that seemed to be everywhere; father of rationalism
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Rationalism
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the belief that reason is the chief of knowledge
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Francis Bacon
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English philosopher; should not use the ancient philosophies; instead use observations and experimentation to learn about nature
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Scientific Method
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systematic procedure for collecting and analysing evidence
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Enlightenment
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result of intellectuals applying the scientific method to the physical world to examine all realms of life
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Philosophe
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french word for philosopher
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John Locke
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believed in Tabula Rasa
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Tabula Rasa
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the belief that people are born with blank minds
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Montesquieu
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studied government
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Separation of Powers
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form of government in which the executive, legislative, judicial branches limit and control each other in a system of checks and balances
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Voltaire
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criticized Christianity, challenged the actions of the Church, strong belief in religious toleration
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Denis Diderot
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wrote the Encyclopedia
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Adam Smith
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founder of economics, believed in laissez-faire, developed capitalism
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Laissez-faire
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to let people do what they want
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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came up with the idea of a social government
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Social Contract
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an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will
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General Will
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the collective desire of a group
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Mary Wollstonecraft
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founder of the modern European & American movements for women's rights
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Enlightened Absolutism
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rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining royal powers
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Bureaucracy
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large group of people who run the government but are not elected
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Diplomatic Recognition
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foreign governments recognize each others right to exercise their athourity
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Federal System
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national government and state government share powers
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Estates
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3 classes in which French society was divided
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Taille
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France's main tax
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Relics of Feudalism
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aristocratic privileges
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Louis XVI
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King during the French Revolution
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Marie Antoinette
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Queen during the French Revolution
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Sans-culottes
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members of the Paris Commune " Without Breeches"
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Maximilian Robespierre
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at the top of the Committee of Public Safety
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Napoleon Bonaparte
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leader of the coup d'etat
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Coup d'etat
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a sudden overthrow of the government
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Nationalism
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the unique identity of a people based on common language, religion and national symbols
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Conservatism
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political philosophy based on traditionand social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion
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Liberalism
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people should be as free as possible from government restraint
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Capital
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money available for investment
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Cottage Industry
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individuals doing tasks in rural cottages
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Urbanization
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the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more and more people began working in central areas
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Capitalism
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free market system
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Socialism
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economic system in which society, usually in the form of government, owns and controls the means of production
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Means of Production
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the factories and resources used for producing goods
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Mixed Economy
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socialist and capitalist ideas
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Mass Production
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production of goods in quantity usually by machinery
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Standard of Living
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the necessities, comforts and luxuries enjoyed or aspired to an individual or group
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Karl Marx
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wrote the Commonist Manifesto
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Bourgeoisie
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the middle class oppressors
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Proletariat
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the working class oppressedt
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Union
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an organized association of workers formed to protect and further their rights and interests
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Feminism
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the movement for women's rights
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Suffrage
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the right to vote
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Universal Education
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education for all people
