Modern Chinese History: Midterm 1 – Flashcards
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Who: Hu Shi (President of Peking University), Lu Xun What: Transform written language to mirror how people actually spoke When: 1920's, May Fourth Movement time Why: To transform written language into something understood by more people, used during May Fourth movement to appeal to wider audience Where: Peking University,
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Baihua (Vernacularization)
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Who: poor peasants who practiced martial arts aka boxer, CiXi What: Anti-Christian, anti foreign peasant uprising, uprising ended when comined Western militrary expedition entered Peking, CiXi forced to flee to Xi'an Why: weakening of the Qing dynasty, led to the fall of Qing Where: Shandong, Peking When: 1900
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Boxer Rebellion
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Who: President of Peking University What: Defended rights of his faculty and students to speak out, May 4th movement When: 1868 - 1940 Why: Created to intellectual diversity at Peking, "we don't want many people with one view, but have to protect all of these figures from intervention of the state" Where: Peking University
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Cai Yuanpei
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Who: professor of philosophy at Peking What: vernacularization movement, pushing for practicality, influential in May Fourth movement When: 1891-1962 Why: Bringing the baihua movement, key contributor to Chinese liberalism, call for pragmatism, interpreter for Margaret Sanger Where: Peking University, Cornell University
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Hu Shi
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Who: a founder of Communist party, founder of New Youth journal What: New Youth, Communist movement, literary revolution, May Fourth Movement When: 1879 - 1942 Why: proposed that the youth of China undertake a vast intellectual, literary, and cultural revolution to rejuvenate the nation Where: Peking University
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Chen Duxiu
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Who: first president of Peking What: preserved Peking in it's early years, introduction of western ideas (natural selection), When: 1854 - 1921 (1898) founding of Peking Why: persuading government to continue funding Peking, hiring 3 men: Chen Duxiu, Hu Shi, Cai Yuanpei Where: Peking University
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Yan Fu
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Who: writer criticizing cultural backwardness of Chinese, essayist What: The Diary of a Madman, True Story of Ah Q, criticism of Confucianism, Vernacular movement, new culture When: 1881 - 1936 Why: His call for the Chinese to consciousness about their state, reforms on society through writings, appeal to youth for change, push for new culture movement Where: Shanghai
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Lu Xun
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Who: Lu Xun What: written in both classical and vernacular Chinese, criticism of feudal society of China—comparison to cannibalism, call for change from ignorance When: 1918 Why: dry criticism of traditional culture, call for revolution, spurred New Culture movement Where: ******
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A Madman's Diary
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Who: Chen DuXiu, Peking Students What: anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement growing out of student demonstrations in Beijing, protesting the Chinese government's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles When: May 4, 1919, Why: creation of new political group, "students", intellectual ferment after protests, call for vernacular Chinese, spurred new culture movement Where: Tiananmen Square, Peking University
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May Fourth Movement
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Who: Chen DuXiu, Hu Shi, Lu Xun, What: influential Chinese magazine in vernacular Chinese Why: important role in initiating the New Culture Movement and spreading the influence of the May Fourth Movement, special issue on Marxism (Li DaZhao) When: 1910's, 1920's Where: Shanghai, Beijing
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New Youth
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Who: Military and political leader of GMD, after death of Sun Yat-sen What: Northern Expedition, Second Sino-Japanese war, Chinese Civil war, did not have good relations with the Communists Why: Important in unifying China after the warlord period, set up Nationalist government in 1928, first president of GMD government in Taiwan, fought Communists, Japanese and warlords for control of China When: 1887 - 1975 Where: Nanjing, Taiwan
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Chiang Kai-Shek
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Who: Sun Yat-Sen, Chiang Kai-Shek, Song JiaoRen What: preceded by the Revolutionary alliance during the Qing dynasty, Ruling political party of the Republic of China, under which Chiang Kai-Shek was president, until the Civil war, leading party in Taiwan, ideology is with Sun Yat-Sen's 3 principles of the people Why: Unifying China after the warlord period, fought in WWII in the Second Sino-Japanese war, Overthrown by the Communist party When: 1928-1949 Where: Nanjing, Taiwan
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Guomindang (GMD, KMT)
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Who: Mao ZeDong What: Experimental rural communist government centered in mountain border of Jiangxi, members entered Long March after GMD blockade to escape north Why: Communist exposure to rural areas, development of own military When: 1928 Where: Jiangxi and Fujian province
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JiangXi Soviet
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Who: JiangXi Soviet, Mao ZeDong, Zou EnLai What: Journey of 6,000 miles by communist forces escaping suppression campaign of Chiang, not many communists lived to the end of the march, settled in Shaanxi Why: Second suppression of Communists by KMT, refined ideology of communist to be very centralized, began Mao's assent into power Where: Jiangxi, Shaanxi When: began in 1934
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Long March
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Who: Sun Yat-Sen, Chiang Kai-Shek, What: military campaign undertaken by alliance between GMT and Communists, under Chiang, to unify China from warlord rule, established Nanjing government, in the middle contained white terror and Communist purge in Shanghai Why: Unification of China, establishment of centralized Nanjing government under Chiang, alliance and subsequent hostilities between Communists and GMT When: 1926-1927 Where: Guangdong, Nanjing
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Northern Expedition
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Who: Chiang Kai-Shek, Communists What: Suppression of communists in Shanghai, forcing Communists to flee into rural areas Why: First purge of Communists, tension between KMT and communists, forcing communists into rural areas When: 1927 Where: Shanghai
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White Terror
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Who: Chiang Kai-Shek, Soong Mei-Ling What: Civil education movement in China, creating resurrection of Chinese values (part fascist, part Confucian, part Christian), used as Antidote to Marxism Why: Chiang's attempt to create alert, "militarized" society, foreshadowed Mao's little red book When: 1934 Where: Nanjing, China
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New Life Movement
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Who: Mao Zedong, Chen Duxiu, Li DaZhao What: Political party started by Chen Duxiu based on Marxist principles, defeated the Nationalist party in the Civil war and became ruling party in China Why: Current ruling party of China, When: 1921-present Where: China
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COMINTERN
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Who: Yan Fu, Cai Yuan Pei What: center for progressive thought and ideals, China's first established modern university, students started the May 4th movement, communist party, new culture movement Why: spurred new thinking and ideas along with discussions in China, many of the professors brought western literature to China, contributed to the political group of "students" to create political change When: 1898-present Where: Beijing
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Peking University
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Who: Mao Zedong What: Mao's assessment of the peasant movement in Hunan, was impressed by the coordination of the rebellion. Said that rebellion required violence. Why: Spurred communist mobilization of the peasant forces, crucial in winning the Civil War. When: 1927 Where: Hunan
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"Report on the Investigation of a peasant Movement in Hunan"
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Who: Sun Yat-sen, Liao Zhongkai What: Anti-Manchu group founded in 1905 in Tokyo, propoganda and culminated in Wuhan uprising Why: caused the fall of the Qing dynasty, later became the Nationalist party When: 1905, 1911 Where: Japan, Wuhan
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Revolutionary Alliance / Tongmenghui
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Who: father of the Chinese republican revolution, created the Revolutionary alliance that overthrew the Qing, formed the Guomingdang and encouraged alliance with Communists What: Revolution of 1911, Guomingdang, Revolutionary Alliance, first-united front Why: Led reunification of China during warlord period until death, revolution of 1911 which overthrew the Qing, push for alliance with the Communists, formation of the Guomingdang When: 1866-1925 Where: Japan, China
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Sun Yat-Sen
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Who: Leader of the Beiyang army, President of the new republic What: Beiyang army, Presidency of republic, abuse of power and proclamation as emperor, suspected assassination of Song Jiaoren Why: arranging abdication of Qing, Death and rule leading to the warlord period, Success of Beiyang army When: 1859 - 1916 Where: Northern China, Beijing
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Yuan Shikai
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Who: Japan, China What: Connected to invasion of 1941, pretext for Japanese invasion, military leaders wanted to invade, not government, Why: Japan as leader of the yellow race, taking on westernized imperialism, beginning of the second Sino-Japanese war Where: Inner Manchuria When: 1931, invasion of northern China
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Mukden Incident
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Who: Yuan Shi-Kai, Wu PeiFu What: Period of Chinese history in which China was fragmented and ruled by various warlords Why: warlord influence greatly effected divisions in nationalist government, contributed to fall of the Republic When: 1916 (death of Yuan) to 1927: reunification of China, through Northern Expedition, beginning of the Nanjing decade Yuan's declaration of New Culture movement: reaction to the failure of the republic of China
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Warlord Period
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Who: Sun Yat-Sen, Chen Du Xiu, COMINTERN What: partnership between Nationalists and Communists to reclaim and unite China after warlord period Why: First partnership between Communists and nationalists, proved fragility between two groups and rose to hostility after white terror, gave communists important opportunity to spread message When: 1926 Where: Guangdong
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First united front
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Who: Chiang Kai-Shek, Zhang XueLiang What: alliance between Nationalists and communists in alliance against the Japanese during the second Sino-Japanese war Why: Communists began building up powers and sphere of influence When: 1936 - 1945 Where: Xi'an
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Second united front
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Who: Revolutionary Alliance, Sun Yat-Sen, Yuan Shi-Kai What: overthrow of the Qing, included many provinces showing their support for the revolutionaries, resulted in Yuan Shi-Kai assuming presidency Why: overthrow of the last dynasty, establishment of constitutional monarchy, not necessarily republican form of government When: 1911 Where: Wuhan
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The 1911 Revolution
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Who: Sun Yat-Sen, Chiang Kai-Shek What: Part of Sun Yat-Sen's three phase plan to rebuild China, transition period where elites would educate or tutor the Chinese people in democracy, New life movement Why: many features of a modern, functional Chinese state emerged and developed during this period Where: Nanjing When: 1928
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Political Tutelage
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Who: Qing Dynasty, Britain What: treaty after the Opium War, issuing treaty ports, unrestricted British trade, cession of Hong Kong, most favored nation cause Why: Severe colonialism in China, opened to western settlements, led to more colonialism in China Where: Nanjing When: 1842
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Treaty of Nanjing
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Who: Japan, China What: treaty ending the first Sino-Japanese war, Korea became Japan's protectorate, ceded Taiwan Why: treaty considered humiliation of Qing dynasty, weakened support, emphasized failure of the self-strengthening movement, increase of Japan's sphere of influence Where: Shimonoseki When: 1895
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Treaty of Shimonoseki
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Who: China, European nations, Japan, US What: Treaty to conclude WWI, China had involvement in the war, expected to be compensated, but cut out of the treaty and Shandong given to the Japanese, treaty was not signed by China Why: led to protests during in the May Fourth movement, major unrest Where: Versailles, Tiananmen, Shandong When: 1919
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Treaty of Versailles
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Who: Early leader of the Guomingdang, critic of Yuan Shikai, assassinated after being elected to leadership in first democratic elections What: Guomingdang party, Why: after Song's assassination, countries inability to achieve stable government led to fraction and warlord period When: 1912 (elected into office), 1913, death
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Song Jiaoren
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Who: Qing dynasty, Western powers What: Series of treaties China was forced to sign during the Qing dynasty that opened trading ports and settlements of foreigners Why: termed "Century of Humiliation" led to loss of power of the Qing, called for reform in China Where: China, western powers, Nanjing When: 19th and early 20th century
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Unequal Treaties
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Who: Puyi What: "Land of the Manchus", name given by Japanese to puppet regime, Japanese retained control of area until end of WWII Why: purpose for Japanese to enter second Sino-Japanese war, first puppet regime set up by Japanese Where: Manchuria When: 1932
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Manchukuo
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Who: Meiji, Qing dynasty, Li HongZhang, Cixi What: War between Meiji Japan and Qing empire in which Japan demonstrated almost unopposed military strength and takeover, Qing surrendered after 6 months, treaty of Shimonoseki Why: demonstrated China's failure at modernization and failure of self-strengthening movement, defeat was catalyst for calls for revolution by Sun Yat-sen, etc., known as War of Jiawu Where: Korea, Manchuria, Taiwan When: 1894-1895
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First Sino-Japanese War
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Who: Anti-Manchu Revolutionary, educated in Japan, called for overthrow of Qing and establishment of democracy, died at 19 What: published book titled The Revolutionary Army, racism towards Manchu's Why: Revolutionary Army was widely read and had profound influence on the revolution movement Where: Japan, where he studied When: 1903 (publication of revolutionary army), death 1905
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Zou Rong
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Who: Chester Arthur, Chinese immigrants What: US law prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers. US citizens were upset that Chinese laborers were taking their jobs for cheap labor. Why: marked the first time that the United States legislated to block immigration by a specific ethnic or racial group. People who came back to China were given a distinct worldview When: 1882 Where: California, China
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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Who: Qing Dynasty, Ming Dynasty What: Examination process for election into state bureaucracy, based on knowledge of confucianism and classic literature Why: Examination not based on practical leadership and modern & international literature, therefore limiting for Chinese government and contributed to Qing discontent for revolution Where: China When: abolition in 1905
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Civil Service Examination
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Who: mother of Emperor Tong-Zhi, empress dowager, held de facto power over Qing government, naming 2 successive emperors What: Boxer Rebellion, Hundred Days reform, end of Qing Dynasty Why: last real ruler of the Qing dynasty, opinions against reform may have led to the fall of the Qing, resistance against western powers When: died 1908, 3 years before fall of the Qing Where: Peking, Xi'an
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Cixi
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Who: immigrants from China to the US in search for labor, worked in harsh conditions and for cheap prices What: allowed to immigrate from the Burlingame treaty, immigration halted from the Chinese Exclusion act Why: important in establishing Chinese communities in America, laborers who returned to China were given important world view, important to the US economy (transcontinental railroad) call for overthrow of Qing in California by oversea Chinese communities Where: California When: 1882 (exclusion act), 1868 Burlingame Treaty
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Coolie
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Who: Leader of the Taiping rebellion, believed himself to be brother of Christ, drive out demon Manchus from China, led rebellion against Qing that almost ended dynasty What: Taiping Rebellion Why: ability to convince people, showed great discontentment with the Qing dynasty, reached out to foreign powers for support, rise of the Hunan army and fragmentation of centralized power in Qing Where: Nanjing When: death: 1864
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Hong Xiuquan
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Who: Kang Youwei, Guangxu, Cixi What: three month period where emperor Guangxu issued edicts on political and economic reform, ended when Cixi imprisoned Guangxu and executed reformers, called for overhaul of civil service, more translation of western texts Why: Qing's attempt at modernization after Self-strengthening had failed, showed desperation of Qing, call for institutional and ideological change Where: Beijing When: 1898
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Hundred Days Reform
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Who: confucian scholar influential in late Qing reform movements, emphasized reform could take place within confucian framework, supported in Hundred Days Reform What: Hundred days Reform Why: emphasis as Confucius as a reformer, call for the reform of China When: 1898, hundred days reform Where: Beijing
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Kang Youwei
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Who: student of Kang Youwei, advocate of liberal republicanism What: New Citizen newspaper, Hundred days of Reform Why: inspired reform movements, press as weapon in revolution, translated many foreign texts When: 1898, hundred days of reform, (1873-1929) Where: Beijing
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Liang Qichao
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Who: Qing Dynasty What: political concept, theory of legitimacy of rule, derives from the will of heaven, when betrayed, heaven shows it's displeasure through natural calamity, portrays the ruling power, sanctions rebellion, ethical quality Why: importance when Qing gained power from the Ming, during end of Qing, marked revolution from tian ming to guo ming, will in the hands of the people Where: China When: centuries of belief
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Mandate of Heaven
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Who: originally from Mongolia area, not ethnically Chinese, rulers of the Qing dynasty, Jurchen people What: Overthrow of the Ming, last dynasty rulers of China, Simultaneous emperorship Why: question of race questioned during the revolution period, establishment of Manchukuo, invasion of the Japanese, racism against Manchu's during When: 1644, beginning of Qing Dynasty, Where: manchuria
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Manchu
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Who: Britain and China, Cixi What: triggered by British outcry against Lin Zexu's confiscation of British opium, and Chinese anger over murdered citizens, fighting in east asia, canton-tianjin Why: forced to sign the Treaty of Nanjing, China under western imperialism, first of many unequal treaties to sign, China being carved up, weakening of the Qing government When: 1839 - 1842 Where: Canton, east asia
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Opium Wars
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Who: Qing Government, Prince Gong, Zongli Yamen What: officials now argued that in order to strengthen itself against the West, it was necessary to adopt Western military technology and armaments Why: was Qing's attempt at self modernization, proved a failure after the first Sino-Japanese war, caused great fractures within the Qing, and discontent When: 1861 - 1894 Where: Peking
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Self-Strengthening Movement
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Who: Hong Xiuquan What: military and social campaign seeking to overthrow the Qing Why: showed weakness and discontent with the Qing government, suppression of rebellion led to division of centralized power from the Qing When: 1850-1864 Where: Nanjing
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Taiping Rebellion
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Who: Sun Yat-Sen What: "Nationalism, democracy and socialism" as the basis of the Guomingdang ideology Why: Principles were the cornerstone of the Republic of China, as well as the Communist party, although they disagreed on democracy and socialism Where: Europe, picked up "livelihood of the people" When: 1905, Sun first announced these principles
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Three People's Principle
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Who: Qing government during the time of self-strengthening movement What: China should maintain its own Confucian style of learning to keep the "essence" of society, while at the same time using Western learning for "practical application" in developing its infrastructure and economy Why: showed narrow-mindedness about reform, could not simply import western methods because culture was very different Where: Peking, Beijing When: 1864 - 1894
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Ti-Yong
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Who: Confucian statesmen, leader of the Hunan army that defeated the Taiping, played important role in self-strengthening movement, exercised loyalty to the emperor What: Hunan army, self-strengthening movement Why: crushing of the Taiping, many were angry that he did not march on Peking, greatly divided centralized power of the Qing When: 1864, end of Taiping Where: Nanjing, Beijing
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Zeng GuoFan
