MLS 301 Professional Communications
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What is APA style?
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The style of writing chosen by the Department of Medical Laboratory Science for all written major assignments. It is the style manual written for researchers in psychology. Guidelines have been adapted for use in research papers.
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What are the components of an APA style paper?
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- Title Page - Abstract - Use of Headings - Conclusion or Discussion - Citations in Text - References
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What does the title page consist of?
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It is a requirement that should be the first page of the paper. This page should include a header and page number. Use 12 pt. Times Roman font throughout the paper in black ink.
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What should the header consist of?
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Header is found on the right of all pages and includes: running title of no more than 50 characters. Page number is five spaces to right.
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What should the title include?
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The title should be no more than 12 words. It should also contain the author's name and institution.
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What is the abstract?
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Usually 150-250 words in length that is one paragraph that is self-contained summary of the most important elements of the paper. It is in block format, only digits (1, 100) are used, found on page 2, and the word \"abstract\" should be centered on the first line below the running head.
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What is the disclaimer?
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Following the abstract, there should be a disclaimer that states: this paper is a review of current literature and is not the result of original scientific or medical research.
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What are the keywords of a paper?
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This follows the disclaimer and should include 3-5 keywords. The term 'keywords' is centered and followed by a colon (Keywords:) and then 3-5 words. Do not use acronyms and do not capitalize any keywords that are not usually capitalized.
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How should headings be formatted?
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Headings should be centered and in bold. Additional secondary headings may be used.
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How do you determine if you should title the ending of your paper conclusion or discussion?
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Conclusion: the final division of the paper is a summary of key points Discussion: the final division of the paper has a personal interjection
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What are internal citations?
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If you used a source for the information, a citation is necessary with at least one internal citation in each paragraph.
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When are internal citations not necessary?
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Internal citations are not necessary for information that is common knowledge or stated in at least five sources.
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When should a citation be used if several points are made from the same paper?
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If several points in a paragraph are from the same source, only one citation is necessary at the site of the last point.
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How does an internal citation look?
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When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in text, for example, (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
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How does the in-text citation appear if you are not directly quoting the material?
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If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article, or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference.
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What are the rules regarding in-text citation and capitalization?
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Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones. If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of a source.
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How should an in-text citation appear with a work by two authors?
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Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word \"and\" between the author's names within the text and use ampersand in the parentheses.
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How should an in-text citation appear with a work by three to five authors?
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List all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses the first time you cite the source. In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by 'et al.' in the signal phrase or in parentheses.
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How should an in-text citation appear with six or more authors?
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Use the fist author's name followed by et al. in the signal phrase or in parentheses.
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How should a personal communication source appear as an in-text citation?
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For interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-person communication, cite the communicator's name, the fact that is was personal communication, and the date of communication. Do not include personal communication in the reference list.
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How should a direct quote appear with in-text citations?
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Include page number and use a comma after the author or editor's name: (Lux, 2009, p. 8).
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What is necessary for all in-text citations?
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Inclusion of the year is necessary for all in-text citations.
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How should organizations (or other acronyms) appear in the paper?
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Organizations (or other acronyms) on the first use should be spelled out, and then, in parentheses, include the shortened form. NEVER begin a sentence with any type of abbreviated term.
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How should quotes be organized in a paper?
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Direct quotes require a page number. Short direct quotations should be set off with quotation marks (\"\"). Always put other punctuation inside 'quotation marks.' Long quotations (more than 40 words) should be introduced with an explanatory sentence ending in a colon: do not use quotation marks and indent entire quote.
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What is the reference page?
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Known as Works Cited or Bibliography in other styles. Remember to use: alphabetical listing, hanging indentation, and double space.
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What should the electronic source look for a reference page?
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For electronic sources: try to make as close as possible to print references. Always include the phrase: Retrieved month, date, year (2009, August 18) from http://www.... if from a site could change (be edited in the future).
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What does a reference need to include?
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- Author or entity that created the work - Publication date - Title - Other information if work is part of larger work (encyclopedia, newspaper, book, journal, etc.) - Digital object identifier (DOI) for journals
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What does a reference need to include for books?
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- Place of publication - Publisher - Italics (also for journal titles) - No quotation marks around the chapter title, but include \"In\" between book chapter and book title.
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What is a DOI?
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The DOI (digital object identifier) is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document. Data is stored about the object that includes information such as the uniform resource locator (URL).
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What does the APA style require for DOI?
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The APA style requires use of the DOI for many online documents, if a DOI is available. Most professional or scientific journal publications published in recent years have DOIs. A DOI indicates that the material will not be edited in the future.
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What are some qualms with DOIs?
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Unlike URLs, the DOI system is not available to all organizations. Organizations that use DOIs enter into a contract with the system and pay a fee to become a member of the system. The DOI system is a federation of registration agencies coordinated by the International DOI Foundation. There are more than 5000 members in the DOI system.
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When is the DOI used in citations?
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The DOI is used in place of 'retrieved from' from sources online. Sources that do not have DOI numbers require the 'retrieved date... from...' on the reference page.
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What is the basics of the APA reference list?
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Your references should begin on a new page separate from the test of the essay; label this page \"references\" centered at the top of the page (do NOT bold, underline, or use quotation marks for the title). All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay.
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What is the format with the reference page?
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All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.
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What does each reference look on the reference page?
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Author's names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work for up to and including seven authors. Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work. For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.
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How are the titles formatted on the reference page?
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Present the journal title in full. Capitalize all major words in journal titles. Maintain the punctuation and capitalization that is used by the journal in its title.
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What is an example of an online article reference citation?
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Lifebeat: The music industry fights AIDS. (2009, January 20). The facts about HIV and AIDS. Retrieved from http://www.lifebeat.org/just_the_fact.htm.
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What is an example of a book reference citation?
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McCormick, J & Fisher-Hoch, S. (1996). Level 4: Virus hunters of the CDC. Atlanta, GA: Turner Publishing, Inc.
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What is an example of a journal article reference citation?
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Yang, Z., Morrison, R., Oates, C., Sarria, J., Patel, J., Habibi, P.,...Dong, J. (2008). HIV-1 genotype resistance testing on low viral load specimens using the Abbott Viroseq HIV-1 genotyping system. Laboratory Medicine, 39, 671-643. doi: 10.1309/LMVUIXR9O3JZV.
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What is code-switching?
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Code-switching is the consideration of your audience to use different vocabulary when speaking to different groups of people.
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What are status-marking errors?
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Status-marking errors is the misuse of Standard English that labels an individual as uneducated.
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What is a condition?
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In the medical sense, a condition is a state of fitness or defective state of health.
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What is a disorder?
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A disorder is an abnormal physical or mental condition.
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What is a disease?
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A disease is an impairment of normal function.
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What is a syndrome?
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A syndrome is a collection of signs and symptoms.
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What is an infection?
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An infection is caused by an infectious agent.
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What is important to note about inflammation?
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A cause of inflammation is not always an infectious agent.
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What is capitalized?
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Capitalize only: - First word in sentence - Proper nouns
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What are signs?
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Signs are objective findings that can be observed by an examiner, such as a rash or fever.
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What are symptoms?
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Symptoms are subjective observations that can be made by the patient, as level of pain or vision disturbance (double vision).
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What are syndromes?
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Syndromes are collections of signs and symptoms resulting from a common cause.
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When may acronyms be used?
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Once you have identified an acronym, except when you begin a sentence, use it in the text. Use the complete term in the references.
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What is important to note about numbers and numerals?
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Single-digit whole numbers should be spelled out. Use numerals for numbers greater than nine, but be consistent within the same sentence if categories are mixed. Do not begin a sentence with a numeral.
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What should the format of APA be?
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Past tense should be used as much as possible, the paper should be double space, and the references should have hanging indentation. A comma should come between the author and year for internal citations.
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What information should be included if a lab procedure is mentioned?
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If a lab procedure is mention, address the: - units for the test - results for the patient - reference intervals of the test - explanation of procedure
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Where is the speaking center located?
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The speaking center is located on the first floor of Cook Library.
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What are challenges for speech preparation?
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- Anxiety - Content - Organization: introduction, body, conclusion - Visual aids
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What is Toastmasters International?
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Toastmasters International has grown to become a world leader in helping people become more competent and comfortable in front of an audience.
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What type of organization is it?
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The non profit organization has nearly 250,000 members in more than 12,500 clubs in 106 countries, offering a proven - and enjoyable - way to practice and hone communication and leadership skills.
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What happens at a toastmasters meeting?
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Meetings are comprised of about 20 people who meet weekly for 1-2 hours. Participants practice and learn skills by giving a prepared speech and other activities. There is no instructor; each speech is critiqued by a member in a positive manner.
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What are some tips for successful public speaking?
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People should: know the room, know the audience, know your material, relax, visualize yourself giving your speech, realize that people want you to succeed, don't apologize, concentrate on the message (not the medium), turn nervousness into positive energy, and gain experience.
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What does the speech communication process consist of?
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- Speaker - Feedback - Message - Interference - Channel - Situation - Listener
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What is the channel?
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Channel is the path over which sounds or signals pass.
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What types of speeches are there?
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There are three types of speeches: inform, persuade, and entertain.
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What are some key points of analyzing audience and occasion?
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Audiences listen best when they identify with your topic. Know what the audience already knows, and explain how the topic pertains to them.
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How do you find out about the audience?
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- Assumptions (based on professional credentials) - Experience - Observation
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When do audiences listen best?
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Audiences listen best when you don't talk down to them. This is difficult when you don't know the background of the audience. This is challenging when you need to explain a complex topic. Professional audiences expect to be treated as professionals.
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How should material be gathered for a speech?
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The same criteria is used as with written assignments. Use a systematic approach to record information (keep accurate notes and note the source for each fact).
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What is global plagiarism?
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Global plagiarism is stealing your speech entirely from another source and passing it off as your own.
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What is patchwork plagiarism?
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Patchwork plagiarism is pilfering from two or three sources.
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What is incremental plagiarism?
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Incremental plagiarism is failing to give credit for a particular part of a speech (quotations & paraphrases).
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What does preparation for a speech include?
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- General purpose - Central idea - Prepare an outline of main points - Fill in with text
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What comprises the parts of a speech?
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- Preparation - Introduction - Body of speech - Conclusion - Review of experience
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What is the central idea of a speech?
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One sentence that sums up the major ideas of the speech.
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What are the main points of a speech?
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The main points of the speech serve as an outline for development and organization of the speech.
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What are methods to grab the attention of the audience?
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Methods to get the attention of the audience include: relate the topic to your audience, state the importance of the topic, startle the audience, arouse the curiosity of the audience, begin with a quotation, or tell a story.
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What should be done during the introduction?
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- Establish credibility and goodwill - Preview the body of the speech - Prepare to tie the introduction to the conclusion
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What are tips to keep in mind with the introduction?
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- Look for possible introductory material - Keep your introduction brief - Be creative - Practice
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What should the body of the speech be comprise of?
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Balance the amount of time spent for each main point. Use transitions (sometimes called connectives) to connect the ideas of a speech and indicate the relationship between them, and pause between points.
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What are transitions?
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Transitions are words or phrases that indicate when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving to another point.
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What are the types of transitions?
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Types of transitions include: internal previews, internal summaries, and signposts.
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What are internal previews?
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Internal previews prepare the listeners for the next topic.
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What are internal summaries?
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Internal summaries summarize previous points before moving on.
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What are signposts?
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Signposts help the audience keep track of points.
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What should the conclusion have?
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The conclusion should reinforce the central idea. Summarize the speech, end with a quotation, make a dramatic statement, and refer to the introduction.
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What are tips for the conclusion?
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Look for possible conclusion material, don't be long-winded, speak clearly, don't rush, and practice.
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What is an informative speech?
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An informative speech is designed to convey knowledge and understanding.
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What types of informative speeches are there?
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There are speeches about an object, process, event, concept.
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What do speeches about an object focus on?
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Speeches about an object focus on something visible, tangible, and stable in form.
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What do speeches about a process focus on?
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Speeches about a process focus on a systemic series of actions that lead to a specific result or product.
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What do speeches about an event focus on?
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Speeches about an event focus on anything happening or that has happened.
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What do speeches about a concept focus on?
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Speeches about a concept focus on a belief, theory, idea, or principle.
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What are the guidelines for informative speeches?
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Don't overestimate what the audience knows. Relate the subject directly to the audience, don't be too technical - except to a professional audience, avoid abstractions, and personalize your ideas.
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Why would you use visuals with your speech?
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People can grasp more information and it adds variety and emphasis to your presentation. Visuals help organize your presentation and facilitate meetings. Visuals help you be concise. Visual aids make you more persuasive.
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What are the advantages of a powerpoint?
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Presentation is easy to transport on thumb drive, excellent for use with large groups, and it is versatile. Also, lights in the room can be lit, digital images can be used, and well designed presentations create a polished, professional image.
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What are the disadvantages of using a powerpoint?
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- Availability of hardware (compatible computer, data projector) - Compatible software - Quality of borrow images are often compromised
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What is the denotative meaning of a word?
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Denotative meaning is the dictionary meaning of the word.
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What is the connotative meaning of a word?
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Connotative meaning is the meaning suggested by associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase.
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What should you remember when using language?
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Be accurate. Be precise. Be clear.
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What is vivid language?
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It includes imagery, similes or comparisons, and metaphors.
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What is imagery?
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Words that utilize the five senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, and taste). It is an effective method to create a mood for the listener.
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What is a metaphor?
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A figure of speech in which an implied comparison is made between two unlike things that actually have something in common.
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What is parallelism?
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An arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences (type of rhythm).
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What is repetition?
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Reiteration of the same word or set of words (type of rhythm).
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What is alliteration?
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Repetition of the initial consonant sound (type of rhythm).
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What should your choice of language be appropriate to?
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The choice of language should be appropriate to: occasion, audience, topic, and speaker.
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What does delivery consist of?
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Communication, directness, spontaneity, animation, and expressiveness (facial, vocal).
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What font for powerpoints is recommended?
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A 24-point font is recommended.
