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1.1 The Greek term "Mesopotamia" refers to

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1.1 lands between the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers.

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1.2 According to the text, the most successful feature of the Neolithic period was the development of

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1.2 towns

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1.3 The earliest Sumerian writings

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1.3 were pictographs in which each sign pictured an object

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1.4 Hammurabi's code was designed to

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1.4 regulate the relationships among his people.

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1.5 Akhenaten's interest in monotheism failed in Egypt because

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1.5 it was imposed on people and enforced by intolerance.

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1.6 The Phoenicians' greatest cultural achievement was the

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1.6 creation of an alphabet.

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1.7 In the history of Hebrews, they

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1.7 made particular efforts to retain their unique religion and culture.

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1.8 The Persian Empire was founded by _____ the Great.

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1.8 Cyrus

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1.9 All of the following statements regarding Zoroastrianism are true except

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1.9 its influence ended with the fall of the Persian empire.

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1.10 According to the text, the backbone of the Persian Empire's communication network was

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1.10 the Royal Road

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2.1 The earliest Indian civilization centered on a great river, the

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2.1 Indus

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2.2 In modern southern India the major languages are

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2.2 Dravidians

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2.3 The term asceticism refers to

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2.3 the practice of self-discipline and self-denial

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2.4 The Upanishads

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2.4 stabilized Indian society by encouraging the poor and oppressed to work hard and dutifully.

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2.5 Mahayana Buddhism is referred to as "Great Vehicle" because

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2.5 it provides a means for laypeople as well as monastics to practice Buddhism

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2.6 The Hindu concept of dharma is

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2.6 a guide for an ethical and moral life

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2.7 The Bhagavad Gita

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2.7 urges action in this world

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2.8 Ashoka's rule was influenced by Buddhism in that he

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2.8 appointed officials to oversee the moral welfare of the realm.

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2.9 The earliest precisely dated documents of Indian history

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2.9 stone pillars erected by Ashoka.

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2.10 During the Kushan period, Indian art was strongly influenced by the

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2.10 Greeks.

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3.1 The first Chinese Dynasty to have writing, cities, and metalworking was

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3.1 Shang

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3.2 The crop well suited to the Yellow River (north) basin was

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3.2 wheat/millet

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3.3 Northern China, compared to southern China

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3.3 receives less rain

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3.4 In Yangzi River (south) basin, the predominant agricultural activity was

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3.4 rice farming

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3.5 The written Chinese language

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3.5 was a major factor in social, cultural, and political unity

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3.6 In Chinese logographic system of writing

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3.6 each word was represented by a single symbol

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3.7 A ruler retains the Mandate of Heaven as long as he

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3.7 rules in the best interests of the people

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3.8 According to Confucius, the basic unit of society was the

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3.8 family

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3.9 In the philosophy of the Laozi, people would be better off if they

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3.9 knew less

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3.10 Yin and yang represent

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3.10 the complementary masculine and feminine principles of nature

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4.1 The geography of Greece

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4.1 was divisive force in Greek life

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4.2 Because of how they functioned, Greek city-states

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4.2 were difficult for foreigners to fully enter into

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4.3 Spartan women

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4.3 enjoyed a more active and public life than most other Greek women

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4.4 In Greek democratic system, the final world on proposed bills and treaties was made by

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4.4 the ecclesia, the assembly of all citizens

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4.5 In his drams, Euripides saw the essence of tragedy to be

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4.5 people who bring disaster on themselves due to their own flaws

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4.6 The culmination of Pre-Socratic thought was the theory that

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4.6 the universe consisted of four substances (air, fire, earth, water)

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4.7 Socrates' student _____ founded the Academy to study philosophy

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4.7 Plato

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4.8 The uniqueness of Hellenistic culture lay in its

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4.8 fusion of Greek and Eastern cultures

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4.9 Major exports from the Greek cities during the Classical and Hellenistic periods included

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lo 4.9 olive oil and wine

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4.10 Hellenistic physicians discovered

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4.10 [human nervous system had both motor and sensory nerves, brain is center of intelligence, brain has cerebrum & cerebellum, and opium relieved pain] All of the above

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5.1 An important difference between the political system of the Romans and the Greeks

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5.1 Rome extended citizenship to its conquered people, while the Greeks did not.

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5.2 In the early republic, Roman society was divided into

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5.2 patricians and plebeians

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5.3 In the third century B.C.E., the main challenge to Roman control of the Mediterranean came from

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5.3 Carthage

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5.4 The term mare nostrum refers to the

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5.4 Roman conquest of the Mediterranean world

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5.5 In Roman families the paterfamilias was the

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5.5 oldest dominant male, who had near absolute power

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5.6 In traditional Roman families, women

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5.6 could inherit and own property

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5.7 During the Roman empire, Greek culture

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5.7 [adopted practice of public baths, greatly admired, criticized by conservatives, did not appear to corrupt Roman society] All of the above

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5.8 After the death of Jesus, many early converts to Christianity were

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5.8 women

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5.9 During its "golden age," Roman expansion in continental Europe was led by

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5.9 retired soldiers

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5.10 The emperor Constantine

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5.10 built a new capital for the Roman empire

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6.1 The First Emperor ordered _____ to move to the capital.

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6.1 the nobility

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6.2 According to the census of 2 C.E., the Chinese population at the time was

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6.2 58 million

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6.3 During the Han Dynasty, China developed a _____ system to regulate contact with foreign powers.

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6.3 tributary

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6.4 The traditional date for the invention of _____ is 105 C.E.

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6.4 paper

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6.5 During the Age of Division,

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6.5 Nanjing was the capital of Southern China.

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6.6 After the introduction of Buddhism in China, the monastic establishment

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6.6 grew rapidly

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6.7 The government of the Tang Empire was characterized by

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6.7 a meritocratic bureaucracy

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6.8 From the eighth century on, throughout East Asia the language of the education was

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6.8 Chinese

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6.9 In Vietnam,

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6.9 beneficial Chinese innovations were rapidly integrated into local culture

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6.10 Among the negative effects of increased Japanese contact with the Asian mainland in the eighth century C.E. was

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6.10 smallpox epidemic

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7.1 The law of Justinian

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7.1 became the foundation of law for most modern European nations

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7.2 The corpus juris civilis includes the

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7.2 [Code, Digests, Institutes, "body of civil law"] All of the above

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7.3 During the reign of Diocletian, the Byzantine Empire was divided into geographical units called

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7.3 dioceses

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7.4 In 380, the emperor _____ made Christianity the official religion of the Roman empire.

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7.4 Theodosius

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7.5 The development of canon law allowed the Christian church

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7.5 authority over ecclesiastical matters

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7.6 The controversy icons in the Eastern Christian Church

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7.6 led to further separation between western Europe and Byzantium

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7.7 The base for the Christianization of the European continent began in 597 in

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7.7 England

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7.8 By the third century, the Roman army increasingly recruited soldiers from

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7.8 Germanic peoples

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7.9 The basic Germanic social unit was the

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7.9 tribe

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7.10 Which of the following statements regarding Charlemagne are true?

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7.10 [aka Charles the Great, fought in more than 50 military campaigns, crowned Holy Roman Emperor, linked Roman imperialism with new Roman Christianity] All of the above

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8.1 In northern and central Arabia, political affairs, before Muhammad, were dominated by the

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8.1 warrior elite

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8.2 The presence of the Ka'ba attracted pilgrims to

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8.2 Mecca

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8.3 The divine revelations of Muhammad are recorded in the Islamic holy book, the

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8.3 Qur'an

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8.4 The _____ are collections of sayings of or anecdotes about Muhammad

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8.4 hadith

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8.5 According to the Qu'ran, Muslims

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8.5 must abstain from alcohol, gambling, and usury (lending money and charging interest)

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8.6 Muslims have interpreted jihad to be

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8.6 [individual's struggles against sin, communal struggle, holy ware, 6th pillar of Islam] All of the above

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8.7 The shari'a is

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8.7 the body of Islamic law

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8.8 Jews living under Islam

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8.8 participated fully in commercial and professional activities

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8.9 In Muslim society

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8.9 marriages were arranged by the families

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8.10 Which of the following statements regarding the wearing of head veils by Muslim women are true?

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8.10 [Qu'ran has no specific rules about veils, indicated respectability, most common among desert women, rooted in pre-Islamic times] All of the above

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8.11 The term purdah refers to

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8.11 the seclusion of women "behind a screen."

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8.12 In Muslim society, merchants were

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8.12 a respected party of society

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8.13 In Muslim culture, knowledge and learning

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8.13 were esteemed above every other human activity

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8.14 The religious movement known as Sufism

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8.14 rejected materialism

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8.15 The English phrase "whirling dervish" comes from

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8.15 Sufi dancing

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9.1 The Sahara

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9.1 takes its name from the Arabic word for "tan"

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9.2 A surviving term that comes from the ancient Greek word that means "people with burnt faces" is

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9.2 Ethiopian

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9.3 Scholars speculate that crops such as bananas, taros, sugar cane, and coconut palms

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9.3 were brought to Africa from Southeast Asia

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9.4 The term Bantu refers to

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9.4 a linguistic classification of African peoples who lived south of the Congo River

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9.5 The two most valuable commodities of the trans-Saharan trade were gold and

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9.5 slaves

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9.6 Arab merchants imported into the Sudan products such as

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9.6 silk, cotton cloth, and salt

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9.7 The earliest Islamic penetration of sub-Saharan African took place

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9.7 all of coastal North Africa

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9.8 In Africa, slavery

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9.8 had little or no association with "race"

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9.9 The greatness of the kingdom of Mali was due to its

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9.9 strong economy and able leadership

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9.10 Under Mansa Musa, the city of Timbuktu

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9.10 developed into a thriving commercial and intellectual center

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9.11 The Kebra Negasti

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9.11 is the Ethiopian national epic

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9.12 Ethiopian tradition asserts that Ethiopian royal dynasty began from

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9.12 the union of Queen Makeda and the Hebrew King Solomon, which produced a son.

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9.13 The polyglot coastal culture of East Africa is known as

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9.13 Swahili

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9.14 Great Zimbabwe was the

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9.14 capital of a vast empire in southern Africa

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9.15 The decline of the Great Zimbabwe in the 15th century was likely the result of

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9.15 the land becoming agriculturally unproductive

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10.1 Demographers estimate the total population of the Western hemisphere in the 1400s to be about

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10.1 70 million

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10.2 Demographers estimate that in some parts of the western hemisphere, _____ of the population died within the 1st decades of European contact.

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10.2 90%

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10.3 "America" got its name because

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10.3 mapmakers wrongly believed Amerigo Vespucci saw parts of the New World before Columbus

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10.4 Today, increasingly numbers of archeologists have concluded the migrants to the Americas

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10.4 traveled both by foot and boat

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10.5 The richest concentration of mound buildings found in the Americas

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10.5 are in the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys

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10.6 Around 900 B.C.E. the center of the early Olmec culture was likely destroyed by

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10.6 invaders from the north

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10.7 The largest Mayan religious and ceremonial center was

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10.7 Tikal

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10.8 The Maya Popul Vuh contains

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10.8 the Maya view of creation, good and evil, and the purpose of life

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10.9 Mayans made notable intellectual achievements in the field of

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10.9 [astronomy, math, yearly calendar, recording of history] All of the above

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10.10 The Toltecs

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10.10 were the most powerful heir to Teotihuacán

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10.11 The Cahokia mounds

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10.11 include mounds larger than the largest Egyptian pyramid

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10.12 To prevent the end of the world, the Aztecs believed that they had to

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10.12 sacrifice livestock

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10.13 At the time of the Spanish arrival in 1519, they found Tenochtitlán

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10.13 exceptionally clean and elegant compared to cities in Spain

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10.14 The Inca kingdom was linked by

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10.14 an advanced system of roads, some of which were paved

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10.15 In the Inca society

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10.15 the state required everyone to marry and would arrange marriages

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11.1 Political organization among nomadic herding peoples was generally based on

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11.1 clan ties

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11.2 The Eastern Turks

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11.2 frequently raided into China

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11.3 The yurt was

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11.3 tent in which Mongol families lived

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11.4 The Mongols milked

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11.4 [horses, sheep, goats, cows] All of the above

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11.5 Mongol women were

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11.5 expert horseback riders

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11.6 In the mid-twelfth century, _____ created a subsistence crisis in Central Asia.

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11.6 drop in the mean average temperature

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11.7 The Mongol conquest of southern China

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11.7 included the use of catapults designed by Muslim engineers

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11.8 The decisive factor in the Japanese success in repulsing Mongol invasions was the

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11.8 two fierce storms that destroyed the Mongol fleets

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11.9 As rulers, the Mongols

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11.9 improved their own capital city by importing skilled workers from conquered regions

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11.10 Moscow grew in importance compared to Kiev after the thirteenth century because

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11.10 it became the center for collection of Mongol tribute in Russia

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11.11 The career of Rashid al-Din is representative of the Mongol influence in

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11.11 bringing diverse in contact with each other

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11.12 The Black Death that struck Europe and the Middle East in the mid-fourteenth century probably came from

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11.12 Central Asia

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11.13 The Gupta empire in India

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11.13 had a notable interest in the arts

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11.14 The earliest Indian contact with Islam occurred in the

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11.14 eighth century

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11.15 Muslim rulers in India were most hostile towards

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11.15 Buddhism

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11.16 In fourteenth-century India horses

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11.16 thrived in the northwest

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11.17 In medieval India

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11.17 girls were typically married when they were children

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11.18 In medieval India authorities considered that the optimal situation for all woman was

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11.18 to always be under the control of a man

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11.19 The first state to appear in Southeast Asia, with its capital in southern Vietnam, was

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11.19 Funan

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11.20 In mainland Southeast Asia, the dominant religion after about 800 C.E., was

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11.20 Theravada Buddhism

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12.1 Between 742 and 1100, China's population

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12.1 became the largest of any country in the world

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12.2 The population growth experienced by China between 800 to 1100, was encouraged by

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12.2 expansion of rice cultivation in central and southern China

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12.3 The world's first paper money was developed in China

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12.3 as a way to avoid carrying heavy bags of coins

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12.4 The Song government traded tea to other countries to help meet its military need for

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12.4 horses

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12.5 The most pressing chronic problem facing the Song dynasty was

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12.5 the presence of powerful tribal confederations on its frontiers

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12.6 In order to do well on the civil service examinations, students typically

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12.6 mastered forms of composition, including poetry

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12.7 In spite of Neo-Confucian scholars' injunctions in Song China, many

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12.7 widows remarried

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12.8 In the practice of concubines in China

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12.8 the children from a concubine held equal status with the children from a wife

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12.9 Fujiwara dominance of the Japanese government represented

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12.9 the privatization of political power and a reversion to clan politics

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12.10 The system of rule in which Japanese emperors abdicated but continued to exercise

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12.10 "cloistered government"

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12.11 The Japanese novel The Tale of Genji

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12.11 depicts court life in great detail

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12.12 Japanese phonetic script

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12.12 fostered the spread of literacy

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12.13 The samurai were

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12.13 skilled warriors in Japan

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12.14 Military rule in Japan emerged out of the combined development of a native warrior tradition and

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12.14 the principles of duty to superiors

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12.15 For a samurai, the term Bushido referred to

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12.15 a code of conduct in which to live their lives

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12.16 Shingon Buddhists believed that

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12.16 the Buddha secretly transmitted the secrets of enlightenment to a few followers

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12.17 Pure Land Buddhism appealed to ordinary people because it

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12.17 taught that simple faith was enough for salvation

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12.18 The beginning of a breakdown of Hojo rule in Japan resulted from

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12.18 the lack of booty to be distributed victory over Mongols

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12.19 Zen teachings held enlightenment

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12.19 with the acceptance and devotion to the authority of the sutras

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12.20 The thirteenth-century The Tale of the Heike

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12.20 incorporates the Buddhist idea of the transience of life and the illusory nature of glory

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13.1 The term Middle Ages

answer

13.1 covers a period notable for it creative vitality

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13.2 The notion of "Europe" during the Middle Ages

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13.2 refers to both a specific geographic region and a distinct culture

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13.3 A vassal is

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13.3a knight

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13.4 A fief was

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13.4 land exchanged between a lord and a knight

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13.5 Feudalism was based on one's allegiance to

answer

13.5 another individual

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13.6 As a result of the invasion of the 9th and 10th centuries

answer

13.6 development of feudalism was accelerated

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13.7 By 1248, the last remaining Muslim stronghold in Spain was

answer

13.7 Granada

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13.8 The origins of the modern jury system evolved out of an effort by William the Conqueror to

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13.8 accurately determine the total wealth of his kingdom

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13.9 In the 12th century, England developed and came to be govered by _____ law.

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13.9 common

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13.10 The primary principle of the Magna Carta is that

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13.10 all Englishmen, including the king, must obey the law

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13.11 Pope Gregory VII asserted that

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13.11 [church should be free of lay control, investiture should be ended, those who were disobedient of his decrees should be excommunicated, papal orders were of God] All of above

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13.12 As a result of the Crusades

answer

13.12 the relations between Jews and Christians worsened considerably

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13.13 The typical peasant household

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13.13 commonly included blended families

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13.14 _____ dominated Europe's trade with Asia.

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13.14 Venice

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13.15 The greatest period of cathedral building in Europe took place in the

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13.15 12th and 13th century

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13.16 Gothic architecture

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13.16 allowed for much more light to enter a building

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13.17 For individuals afflicted with the bubonic plague

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13.17 death was usually a few days away

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13.18 Economically, the Black Death resulted in

answer

13.18 higher wages and a better distribution of income

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13.19 IN large part because of the efforts of Joan of Arc, _____ won the Hundred Years' War

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13.19 France

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13.20 The triggering event for England's People's Revolt in 1381 was the

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13.20 re-imposition of a head tax on all adult males

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14.1 The most important factor in the emergence of the Italian Renaissance was the

answer

14.1 rise of a wealthy, urban business elite

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14.2 In the political sphere, the Renaissance Italian powers

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14.2 [invented the practice of permanent embassies, used spies to gain info, maintained a balance of power between themselves, sent ambassadors to live in capitals of other powers] All of the above

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14.3 Italian humanists stressed the

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14.3 study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature

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14.4 In regard to the education of women, Italian humanists

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14.4 thought the proper sphere for women was private and domestic

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14.5 Thomas More's Utopia placed the blame for society's problems on

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14.5 social institutions

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14.6 According to the Dutch humanist Erasmus, the key to moral improvement was

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14.6 education

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14.7 Printing with movable type was developed in the mid-fifteenth century in

answer

14.7 Germany

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14.8 According to Machiavelli, the sole test of "good" government was whether it

answer

14.8 was effective

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14.9 As a result of the Renaissance

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14.9 the gulf between the learned minority and uneducated majority increased

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14.10 To undercut the power that the aristocracy exercised through its control of Parliament, most English Tudor kings

answer

14.10 avoided expensive wars

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14.11 Martin Luther wrote his letter entitled "95 Theses" to Archbishop Albert in response to

answer

14.11 a campaign to sell indulgences

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14.12 German rulers were attracted to Luther's ideas because

answer

14.12 [a mean to seize valuable church lands, inspired nationalist, increased political power, gave rulers more independence from the emperor] All of the above

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14.13 Central to Calvin's theology is the principle of

answer

14.13 predestination

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14.14 Under King Henry VIII, the head of the Church of England was

answer

14.14 Henry VIII

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14.15 In religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England established a policy that

answer

14.15 was middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes

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14.16 The efforts of the Counter-Reformation were generally

answer

14.16 successful in making widespread reforms in the Catholics church

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14.17 When Henry II died in 1559, about _____ percent of Frances's population was Calvinist.

answer

14.17 ten

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14.18 One cause of the Low Countries' rebellion against the Hapsburg dynasty was

answer

14.18 the spread of Calvinism and Philip II's inheritance of the Low Countries

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14.19 Scholars estimate the number of people executed for witchcraft during the 16th and 17the centuries to be upwards of

answer

14.19 forty thousand

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14.20 More than ¾ of those accused of witchcraft were

answer

14.20 women

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15.1 In the 17th and 18th centuries, Southeast Asia population

answer

15.1 grew slowly

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15.2 The peoples of Southeast Asia shared a common language group and

answer

15.2 environment

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15.3 In the 15th century, the largest commercial center of the Indian Ocean was

answer

15.3 Malaka

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15.4 The biggest market for Southeast Asian goods was

answer

15.4 China

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15.5 The European kingdom that took the lead in overseas exploration was

answer

15.5 Portugal

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15.6 Prince Henry II of Portugal is significant for his

answer

15.6 support of exploration

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15.7 In the 15th century, the Portuguese developed a new kind of ship, the

answer

15.7 caravel

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15.8 The central feature of Columbus's character was his

answer

15.8 deep religious convictions

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15.9 On his initial voyage to the Americas in 1492, Columbus considered the natives he met to be

answer

15.9 handsome and peaceful

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15.10 As governor of the island of Hispaniola, Christopher Columbus

answer

15.10 subjected the indigenous people to forced labor

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15.11 The primary factor determining the direction of Spanish exploration in the Americas was

answer

15.11 the lure of precious metals

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15.12 The Aztec Empire was conquered by

answer

15.12 Hernando Cortés

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15.13 The Inca Empire was conquered by

answer

15.13 Francisco Pizarro

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15.14 Under the Spanish mercantilist principle

answer

15.14 colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country

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15.15 The Dutch East India Company represents the

answer

15.15 commercial imperialism of the Dutch

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15.16 China failed to compete with Europeans in the maritime expansion into the Americas in the 15th century because of

answer

15.16 military pressure from the Mongols and administrative inefficiency

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15.17 The Dutch were able to retain their trading privileges in Japan because they

answer

15.17 helped suppress a Christian uprising

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15.18 Spain's economy in the 16th century suffered from

answer

15.18 [rising prices, repeated government repudiations of debts, shortages of desired products, noncompetitive pricing of Spanish goods on international market] All of the above

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15.19 The largest buyer of silver in the 16th and 17th century was

answer

15.19 China

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15.20 The MIng Dynasty was brought down partly as a result of

answer

15.20 allowing taxes to be paid in silver instead of rice

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16.1 During the middle decades of the 17th century, the European nation that prospered the most was

answer

16.1 The Netherlands

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16.2 A comparison of the lives of 17th century western and eastern European peasants reveals

answer

16.2 [western peasants able to escape serfdom due to labor shortages caused by Black Death, eastern peasants fell under laws that restricted their ability to move, Prussian laws required that runaways be captured and returned to their lords, both groups experienced huge population losses due to Black Death] All of the above

question

16.3 Mercantilist theory postulated that

answer

16.3 a nation's international power was based on wealth, especially its gold supply

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16.4 Historians today consider the success of absolutism under Louis XIV to be due mostly to his

answer

16.4 expansion and professionalization of the army

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16.5 To solve their increasingly disastrous financial difficulties, Spanish monarchs often resorted to

answer

16.5 devaluing its coinage

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16.6 By the 17the century, nobles in eastern Europe had

answer

16.6 gained unchallenged control over the peasants who worked their lands

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16.7 The true establishment of Prussian absolutism came under the rule of

answer

16.7 Frederick William I

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16.8 By 1740, under the rule of Frederick William I, Prussia, 12th in Europe in population

answer

16.8 had the best army in Europe

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16.9 The negative reputation of Ivan the Terrible grew from his violent treatment of

answer

16.9 many of the leading boyar families

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16.10 Cossacks were

answer

16.10 Russian peasants who had fled their lords

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16.11 Under the Ivan the Terrible,

answer

16.11 artisans were bound to their towns so that they could be heavily taxed

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16.12 In Peter the Great's tour of western Europe, he

answer

16.12 was notably impressed by the Dutch and English

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16.13 Peter the Great's "westernization" of Russia included the requirement that nobles

answer

16.13 [shave their beards, mix socially with men and women together, wear Western clothing, freely choose their own spouses] All of the above

question

16.14 In the early 17th century, the king of England claimed

answer

16.14 kings had absolute power by divine right

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16.15 In the early 17th century, English Puritans wanted

answer

16.15 to eliminate, among other things, bishops from the Church of England

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16.16 In 1649, after the execution of Charles I, England was declared a

answer

16.16 commonwealth

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16.17 Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate is best described as a

answer

16.17 military dictatorship

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16.18 According to the English Test Act of 1673,

answer

16.18 political participation was based upon adherence to the Church of England

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16.19 Political power in the Dutch Republic was

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16.19 controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy merchants

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16.20 The Dutch "golden age" was based on what?

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16.20 [commercial prosperity, high standard of living, ethical basis of thrift and frugality, strong monarchical government] All of the above

Miss Danna’s WH to 1715 – Flashcards

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