MIS412 Chapter 3
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Internet
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An interconnected network of thousands of networks and millions of computers linking businesses, educational institutions, government agencies, and individuals
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World Wide Web
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one of the Internet's most popular services, providing access to over 50 billion Web pages
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Packet Switching
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a method of slicing digital messages into packets, sending the packets along different communication paths as they become available, and then reassembling the packets once they arrive at their destination
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Packet
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the discrete units into which digital messages are sliced for transmission over the Internet
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Router
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special-purpose computer that interconnects the computer networks that make up the Internet and routes packets to their ultimate destination as they travel the Internet
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Routing Algorithm
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computer program that ensures that packets take the best available path toward their destination
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Protocol
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a set of rules and standards for data transfer
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Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (Tcp/Ip)
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the core communications protocol for the internet
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Tcp
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protocol that establishes the connections among sending and receiving Web computers and handles the assembly of packets at the point of transmission, and their reassembly at the receiving end
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Ip
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protocol that provides the Internet's addressing scheme and is responsible for the actual delivery of the packets
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Network Interface Layer
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responsible for placing packets on and receiving them from the network medium
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Internet Layer
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responsible for addressing, packaging, and routing messages on the Internet
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Transport Layer
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responsible for providing communication with the application by acknowledging and sequencing the packets to and from the application
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Application Layer
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provides a wide variety of applications with the ability to access the services of the lower layers
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Internet Address
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Internet address expressed as a 32-bit number that appears as a series of four separate numbers marked off by periods, such as 64.49.254.91
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Domain Name
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IP address expressed in natural language
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Domain Name System (Dns)
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system for expressing numeric IP addresses in natural language
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Uniform Resource Locator (Url)
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the address used by a Web browser to identify the location of content on the Web
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Client/Server Computing
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a model of computing in which powerful personal computers are connected in a network together with one or more servers
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Client
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a powerful personal computer that is part of a network
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Server
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networked computer dedicated to common functions that the client computers on the network need
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Cloud Computing
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model of computing in which firms and individuals obtain computing power and software over the Internet
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Hypertext Transfer Protocol (Http)
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the internet protocol used for transferring Web pages
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Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (Smtp)
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the Internet protocol used to send mail to a server
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Post Office Protocol 3 (Pop3)
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a protocol used by the client to retrieve mail from an Internet server
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Internet Message Access Protocol (Imap)
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a more current e-mail protocol that allows users to search, organize, and filter their mail prior to downloading it from the server
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File Transfer Protocol (Ftp)
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one of the original Internet services. Part of the TCP/IP protocol that permits users to transfer files from the server to their client computer, and vice versa
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Telnet
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a terminal emulation program that runs in TCP/IP
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Secure Sockets Layer (Ssl)
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a protocol that secures communications between the client and the server
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Ping
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a program that allows you to check the connection between your client and the server
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Tracert
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one of several route-tracing utilities that allow you to follow the path of a message you send from your client to a remote computer on the Internet
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Pathping
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combines the functionality offered by Ping and Tracert
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Network Technology Substrate Layer
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layer of Internet technology that is composed of telecommunications networks and protocols
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Transport Services And Representation Standards Layer
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layer of Internet architecture that houses the TCP/IP protocol
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Applications Layer
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layer of Internet architecture that contains client applications
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Middleware Services Layer
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the "glue" that ties the applications to the communications networks, and includes such services as security, authentication, addresses, and storage repositories
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Network Service Provider (Nsp)
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owns and controls one of the major networks comprising the Internet's backbone
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Backbone
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high-bandwidth fiber-optic cable that transports data across the Internet
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Bandwidth
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measures how much data can be transferred over a communications medium within a fixed period of time; is usually expressed in bits per second (bps), kilobits per second (Kbps), megabits per second (Mbps),or gigabits per second (Gbps)
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Redundancy
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multiple duplicate devices and paths in a network
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Internet Exchange Point (Ixp)
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hub where the backbone intersects with local and regional networks and where backbone owners connect with one another
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Campus Area Networks (Can)
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generally, a local area network operating within a single organization that leases access to the Web directly from regional and national carriers
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Internet Service Provider (Isp)
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firm that provides the lowest level of service in the multi-tiered Internet architecture by leasing Internet access to home owners, small businesses, and some large institutions
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Narrowband
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the traditional telephone modem connection, now operating at 56.6 Kbps
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Broadband
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refers to any communication technology that permits clients to play streaming audio and video files at acceptable speeds—generally anything above 100 Kbps
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Digital Subscriber Line (Dsl)
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delivers high-speed Access through ordinary telephone lines found in homes or businesses
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Cable Modem
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piggybacks digital Access to the Internet on top of the analog video cable providing television signals to a home
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T1
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an international telephone standard for digital communication that offers guaranteed delivery at 1.54 Mbps
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T3
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an international telephone standard for digital communication that offers guaranteed delivery at 45 Mbps
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Intranet
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a TCP/IP network located within a single organization for purposes of communications and information processing
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Extranet
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formed when firms permit outsiders to access their internal TCP/IP networks
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Latency
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delays in messages caused by the uneven flow of information packets through the network
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Internet2®
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a consortium of more than 200 universities, government agencies, and private businesses that are collaborating to find ways to make the Internet more efficient
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Gigapop
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a regional Gigabit Point of Presence, or point of access to the Internet2 network, that supports at least one gigabit (1 billion bits) per second information transfer
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Fiber-Optic Cable
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consists of up to hundreds of strands of glass or plastic that use light to transmit data
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Photonics
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the study of communicating with light waves
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Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)
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also referred to as 802.11b, 802.11a (Wi-Fi5), and 802.16 (WiMAX). Wireless standard for Ethernet networks with greater speed and range than Bluetooth
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Bluetooth
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new technology standard for short-range wireless communication under 10 meters
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Zigbee
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a less-expensive, lowpower, and simpler form of radio network operating in the 2.4 GHz band and other bands that allows small appliances and sensors to talk with one another
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Ip Multicasting
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a set of technologies that enables efficient delivery of data to many locations on a network
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Diffserv (Differentiated Quality Of Service)
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a new technology that assigns levels of priority to packets based on the type of data being transmitted
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Mosaic
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Web browser with a graphical user interface (GUI) that made it possible to view documents on the Web graphically
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Universal Computing
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the sharing of files, information, graphics, sound, video, and other objects across all computer platforms in the world, regardless of operating system
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Netscape Navigator
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the first commercial Web browser
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Internet Explorer
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Microsoft's Web browser
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Hypertext
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a way of formatting pages with embedded links that connect documents to one another, and that also link pages to other objects such as sound, video, or animation files
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Hypertext Markup Language (Html)
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one of the next generation of GMLs that is relatively easy to use in Web page design. HTML provides Web page designers with a fixed set of markup "tags" that are used to format a Web page
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Extensible Markup Language (Xml)
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a markup language specification developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) that is designed to describe data and information
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Web Server Software
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software that enables a computer to deliver Web pages written in HTML to client computers on a network that request this service by sending an HTTP request
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Database Server
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server designed to access specific information with a database
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Ad Server
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server designed to deliver targeted banner ads
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Mail Server
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server that provides e-mail messages
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Video Server
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server that serves video clips
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Web Client
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any computing device attached to the Internet that is capable of making HTTP requests and displaying HTML pages, most commonly a Windows PC or Macintosh
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Electronic Mail (E-Mail)
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the most-used application of the Internet. Uses a series of protocols to enable messages containing text, images, sound, and video clips to be transferred from one Internet user to another
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Attachment
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a file inserted within an e-mail message
