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Computer literacy

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skill in using productivity software such as word processors, spreadsheets, data base management systems and presentation software as well as having a basic knowledge of hardware and software, the internet, and collaboration tools and technologies.

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information literacy

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understanding the role of information in generating and using business intelligence.

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Business Intelligence

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proceeds historical current and predictive views of business operations and environments and gives organizations competitive advantage in the marketplace.

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Transaction processing system

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focus on data collection and processing the major reason for using them is cost reduction.

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A management information system

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is an organized integration of hardware and software technologies, data, processes and human elements designed to produce timely, integrated relevant accurate and useful information for decision making purposes

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data

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consists of raw facts and is a component of an information system.

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database

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is a collection of all relevant data organized in a series of integrated files.

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process

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component of an information system generates the most useful type of information for decision making, including transaction processing reports and models fro decision analysis.

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Information

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consists of facts that have been analyzed by the process component and is an output of an information system.

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information technologies

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support information systems and use the internet, computer networks, database systems, pos systems and radio frequency identification RFID tags

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Five Forces Model

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analyzes an organization, its position in the marketplace and how information systems could be used to make it more competitive. The five forces include BUYER POWER, SUPPLIER POWER, THREAT OF SUBSTITUTION, THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS, RIVALRY AMONG EXISTING COMPETITORS.

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Computer

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A machine that accepts data as input, processes data without human intervention and outputs information

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central processing unit CPU

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the heart of the computer, its divided into two components, the arithmetic logic unit and the control unit

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Arithmetic logic unit ALU

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performs arithmetic operations and comparison or relational operations are used to compare numbers

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Control unit

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tells the computer what to do such as instructing the computer which device to read and send output to.

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Bus

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A link between devices connected to the computer. It can be parallel or serial, internal or external.

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Disk Drive

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Is a peripheral devise for recording, storing, and receiving information.

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CPU Case

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is also known as a computer chassis or tower, it is the enclosure containing the computers main components.

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Motherboard

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The main circuit board containing connectors for attaching additional boards. It usually contains the CPU, Basic input output system BIOS, memory, storage interfaces, serial and parallel ports, expansion slots and all the controllers for standard peripheral devices, such as the display monitor, disk drive and keyboard

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output device

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capable of representing information

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Application Software

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can be commercial software or software developed in-house and is used to perform a variety of tasks on a personal computer.

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Assembly language

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the second generation of computer languages, is a higher-level language than machine language but is also machine dependent. It uses a series of short codes, or mnemonics, to represent data or instructions.

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cache RAM

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A special type of RAM, called cache RAM, resides on the processor. Because memory access from main RAM storage generally takes several clock cycles (a few nanoseconds), cache RAM stores recently accessed memory so that the processor isn't waiting for the memory transfer

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Fifth-generation languages

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also called natural language processing (NLP), are the ideal computer languages for people with minimal computer training. These languages are designed to facilitate natural conversations between you and the computer.

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Fourth-generation languages (4GLs)

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use macro codes that can take the place of several lines of programming. The commands are powerful and easy to learn, particularly for people with little computer training.

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High-level languages

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are machine independent and part of the third-generation computer language. Many options are available and each is designed for a specific purpose.

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Input devices

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send data and information to the computer. Examples include keyboards and mouses.

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Machine language

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consists of a series of 0s and 1s representing data or instructions and was part of the first generation of computer languages. It depends on the machine, so a code written for one type of computer does not work on another type of computer.

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magnetic disk

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A magnetic disk made of mylar or metal is used for random-access processing. In other words, data can be accessed in any order, regardless of its order on the surface.

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Magnetic tape

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made of a plastic material, resembles a cassette tape and stores data sequentially.

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Main memory

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stores data and information and is usually volatile.

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Network-attached storage (NAS)

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is essentially a network-connected computer dedicated to providing file-based data storage services to other network devices.

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operating system (OS)

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An operating system (OS) is a set of programs for controlling and managing computer hardware and software. An OS provides an interface between a computer and the user and increases computer efficiency by helping users share computer resources and performing repetitive tasks for users.

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Optical discs

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use laser beams to access and store data. Examples include CD-ROMs, WORM discs, and erasable optical discs.

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Random access memory (RAM)

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is volatile memory, in which data can read from and be written to "read-write memory."

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read-only memory (ROM)

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Nonvolatile memory is called read-only memory (ROM), so data can't be written to ROM.

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redundant array of independent disks (RAID) system

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A redundant array of independent disks (RAID) system is a collection of disk drives used for fault tolerance and improved performance, typically in large network systems.

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Secondary memory

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which is nonvolatile, serves mostly as archival storage, as for backups

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server

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A server is a computer and all the software for managing network resources and offering services to a network.

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storage area network (SAN)

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A storage area network (SAN) is a dedicated high-speed network consisting of both hardware and software, used to connect and manage shared storage devices, such as disk arrays, tape libraries, and optical storage devices.

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allocation

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The allocation approach to a distributed DBMS combines fragmentation and replication, with each site storing the data it uses most often.

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client/server database

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In a client/server database, users' workstations (client) are linked in a local area network (LAN) to share the services of a single server.

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create, read, update, and delete (CRUD)

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Data administration is used to determine who has permission to perform certain functions, often summarized as create, read, update, and delete (CRUD

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data dictionary

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The data dictionary stores definitions, such as data types for fields, default values, and validation rules for data in each field.

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Data hierarchy

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is the structure and organization of data, which involves fields, records, and files.

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data mart

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A data mart is usually a smaller version of a data warehouse, used by a single department or function.

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data model

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A data model determines how data is created, represented, organized and maintained. It usually contains data structure, operations, and integrity rules.

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data warehouse

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A data warehouse is a collection of data from a variety of sources used to support decision-making applications and generate business intelligence

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data-driven Web site

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A data-driven Web site acts as an interface to a database, retrieving data for users and allowing users to enter data in the database.

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Data-mining analysis

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is used to discover patterns and relationships.

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database

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A database is a collection of related data that can be stored in a central location or in multiple locations.

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Database administrators (DBA)

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found in large organizations, design and set up databases, establish security measures, develop recovery procedures, evaluate database performance, and add and fine-tune database functions.

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database management system (DBMS)

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A database management system (DBMS) is software for creating, storing, maintaining, and accessing database files. A DBMS makes using databases more efficient.

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distributed database

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A distributed database stores data on multiple servers throughout an organization.

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encapsulation

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Grouping objects along with their attributes and methods into a class is called encapsulation, which essentially means grouping similar items into a single unit. It helps handle more complex types of data, such as images and graphs.

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Extraction, transformation, and loading (ETL)

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describe the processes used in a data warehouse. It includes extracting data from outside sources, transforming it to fit operational needs, and loading it into the end target (database or data warehouse).

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foreign key

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A foreign key is a field in a relational table that matches the primary key column of another table. It can be used to cross-reference tables.

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fragmentation

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The fragmentation approach to a distributed DBMS addresses how tables are divided among multiple locations. There are three variations: horizontal, vertical, and mixed.

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hierarchical model

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In a hierarchical model, the relationships between records form a treelike structure (hierarchy). Records are called nodes, and relationships between records are called branches. The node at the top is called the root, and every other node (called a child) has a parent. Nodes with the same parents are called twins or siblings.

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indexed sequential access method (ISAM)

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With the indexed sequential access method (ISAM), records can be accessed sequentially or randomly, depending on the number being accessed. For a small number, random access is used, and for a large number, sequential access is used.

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Inheritance

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means new objects can be created faster and more easily by entering new data in attributes.

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logical view

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The logical view involves how information appears to users and how it can be organized and retrieved.

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network model

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The network model is similar to the hierarchical model, but records are organized differently. Unlike the hierarchical model, each record in the network model can have multiple parent and child records.

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Normalization

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improves database efficiency by eliminating redundant data and ensuring that only related data is stored in a table.

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object-oriented databases

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In object-oriented databases both data and their relationships are contained in a single object. An object consists of attributes and methods that can be performed on the object's data.

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Online analytical processing (OLAP)

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generates business intelligence. It uses multiple sources of information and provides multidimensional analysis, such as viewing data based on time, product, and location.

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physical view

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The physical view involves how data is stored on and retrieved from storage media, such as hard disks, magnetic tapes, or CDs.

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Primary keys

answer

uniquely identify every record in a relational database. Examples include Student ID numbers, account numbers, Social Security numbers, and invoice numbers.

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query by example (QBE)

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With query by example (QBE), you request data from a database by constructing a statement made up of query forms. With current graphical databases, you simply click to select query forms instead of having to remember keywords, as you do with SQL. You can add AND, OR, and NOT operators to the QBE form to fine-tune the query.

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random access file structure

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In a random access file structure, records can be accessed in any order, regardless of their physical location in storage media. This method of access is fast and very effective when a small number of records need to be processed daily or weekly.

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relational model

answer

A relational model uses a two-dimensional table of rows and columns of data. Rows are records (also called "tuples"), and columns are fields (also referred to as "attributes").

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replication

answer

The replication approach to distributed DBMS has each site store a copy of data of the organization's database.

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sequential file structure

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In a sequential file structure, records in files are organized and processed in numerical or sequential order, typically the order in which they were entered.

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Structured Query Language (SQL)

answer

is a standard fourth-generation query language used by many DBMS packages, such as Oracle 11g and Microsoft SQL Server. SQL consists of several keywords specifying actions to take.

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Four M's of Information

answer

Manpower, Machinery, Materials, Money,

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Difference between Internet and Intranet

answer

Internet is public Intranet is private

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Michael Porter's 3 strategies

answer

Overall cost leadership Differentiation Focus

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Computer Speed

answer

Millisecond: 1/1000 of a second Microsecond: 1/1,000,000 of a second Nanosecond: 1/1,000,000,000 of a second Picosecond: 1/1,000,000,000,000 of a second

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