MIS 180 Chapter 9 – Flashcards
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Systems development life cycle (SDLC)
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The overall process for developing information systems from planning and analysis through implementation and maintenance
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Planning, Analysis, Design, Development, Testing, Implementation, Maintenance
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SDLC seven phases
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Planning phase
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establishes a high-level plan of the intended project and determines project goals
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Analysis phase
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the firm analyzes its end-user business requirements and refines project goals into defined functions and operations of the intended system
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Design phase
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establishes descriptions of the desired features and operations of the system including screen layouts, business rules, process diagrams, pseudo code, and other documentation
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Development phase
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takes all the detailed design documents from the design phase and transforms them into the actual system
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Testing phase
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brings all the project pieces together into a special testing environment to eliminate errors and bugs, and verify that the system meets all the business requirements defined in the analysis phase
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Implementation phase
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the organization places the system into production so users can begin to perform actual business operations with it
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Maintenance phase
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the organization performs changes, corrections, additions, and upgrades to ensure the system continues to meet its business goals
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Waterfall methodology
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A sequence of phases in which the output of each phase becomes the input for the next
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Agile Methodology
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Aims for customer satisfaction through early and continuous delivery of useful software components developed by an iterative process using the bare minimum requirements
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Rapid Application Development (RAD) Methodology
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Emphasizes extensive user involvement in the rapid and evolutionary construction of working prototypes of a system to accelerate the systems development process
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Extreme Programming (XP) Methodology
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Breaks a project into tiny phases, and developers cannot continue on to the next phase until the first phase is complete
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Rational Unified Process (RUP) Methodology
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Provides a framework for breaking down the development of software into four gates
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Scrum Methodology
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Uses small teams to produce small pieces of deliverable software using sprints, or 30-day intervals, to achieve an appointed goal
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The Project Management Institute (PMI)
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develops procedures and concepts necessary to support the profession of project management
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Project
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Temporary activities undertaken to create a unique product or service
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Project Management
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The application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements
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Project Manager
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An individual who is an expert in project planning and management, defines and develops the project plan, and tracks the plan to ensure the project is completed on time and on budget
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Project Deliverable
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Any measurable, tangible, verifiable outcome, result, or item that is produced to complete a project or part of a project
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Project Milestone
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Represents key dates when a certain group of activities must be performed
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Project Management Office (PMO)
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An internal department that oversees all organizational projects
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Time, Cost, Scope
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The triple constraint
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Project Stakeholder
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Individuals and organizations actively involved in the project or whose interests might be affected as a result of project execution or project completion
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Executive Sponsor
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The person or group who provides the financial resources for the project
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Project Charter
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A document issued by the project initiator or sponsor that formally authorizes the existence of a project and provides the project manager with the authority to apply organizational resources to project activities
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Specific, Measurable, Agreed upon, Realistic, Time frame
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SMART criteria
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Project objectives
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quantifiable criteria that must be met for the project to be considered a success
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Project constraints
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specific factors that can limit options; budget, delivery dates, available skilled resources, organizational policies
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Project assumptions
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factors considered to be true, real, or certain without proof or demonstration; eg. Hours in a workweek, time of year the work will be performed
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Kill switch
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a trigger that enables a project manager to close the project before completion
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dependency
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logical relationship that exists between the project tasks, or between a project task and a milestone
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Critical path
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estimates the shortest path through the project ensuring all critical tasks are completed from start to finish
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Gantt chart
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simple bar chart that lists project tasks vertically against the project's time frame, listed horizontally
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Project Plan
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A formal, approved document that manages and controls project execution
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Change management
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offers procedures and policies managers can use to help manage change during a system development
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Change control board (CCB)
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responsible for approving or rejecting all change requests
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Onshore outsourcing
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engaging another company within the same country for services
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Nearshore outsourcing
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contracting an outsourcing arrangement w/a company in a nearby country.
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Offshore outsourcing
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using organizations from developing countries to write code and develop systems
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In-sourcing
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Uses the professional expertise within an organization to develop and maintain its information technology systems
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Outsourcing
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An arrangement by which one organization provides a service or services for another organization that chooses not to perform them in-house
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Legacy system
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an old system that is fast approaching or beyond the end of its useful life within an organization
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Conversion
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the process of transferring information from a legacy system to a new system
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Software customization
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modifies software to meet specific user or business requirements
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Off-the-shelf application software
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supports general business processes and does not require any specific software customization to meet the organization's needs
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Change agent
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a person or event that is the catalyst for implementing major changes for a system to meet business changes
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Brainstorming
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a technique for generating ideas by encouraging participants to offer as many ideas as possible in a short period without any analysis until all the ideas have been exhausted
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Project scope
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describes business needs and the justification, requirements, and current boundaries for the project
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Requirements management
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the process of managing changes to the business requirements throughout the project
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Requirements definition document
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prioritizes all of the business requirements by order of importance to the company
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Sign-off
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the users' actual signatures indicating they approve all of the business requirements
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Software engineering
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a disciplined approach for constructing information systems through the use of common methods, techniques, or tools
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Computer-aided software engineering (CASE)
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provide automated support for the development of the system
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Control objects for information and related technology (COBIT)
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a set of best practices that helps an organization to maximize the benefits of an information system, while at the same time establishing appropriate controls to ensure minimum errors.
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Scripting language
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a programming method that provides for interactive modules to a website
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Object-oriented langauges
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group data and corresponding process into objects
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Fourth-generation languages (4GL)
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programming languages that look similar to human languages
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Bugs
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defects in the code on an information system
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Test conditions
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detail the steps the system must perform along with the expected result of each step
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User documentation
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highlights how to use the system and how to troubleshoot issues or problems
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Online training
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runs over the internet or on a CD or DVD, and employees complete the training on their own at their own pace
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Workshop training
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held in a classroom environment and led by an instructor
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Help desk
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a group of people who respond to users' questions
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Corrective maintenance
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makes system changes to repair design flaws, coding errors, or implementation issues
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Methodology
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a set of policies, procedures, standards, processes, practices, tools, techniques, and tasks that people apply to technical and management challenges
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Prorotyping
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a modern design approach where the designers and system users use an ireatice approach to building the system
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Discovery prototyping
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builds a small-scale representation or working model of the system to ensure it meets the user and business requirements
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Iterative development
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Consists of a series of tiny projects
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Gate one: inception
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his phase ensures all stakeholders have a shared understanding of the proposed system and what it will do
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Gate two: elaboration
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This phase expands on the agreed-upon details of the system, including the ability to provide an architecture to support and build it
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Gate three: construction
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This phase includes building and developing the product
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Gate four: transition
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Primary questions answered in this phase address ownership of the system and training of key personal
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Tangible benefits
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easy to quantity and typically measured to determine the success or failure of a project
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Intangible benefits
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difficult to quantify or measure
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Feasibility
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the measure of the tangible and intangible benefits of an information system
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PART (program evaluation and review technique) chart
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a graphical network model that depicts a project's tasks and the relationships between them
