Midterm: human communications - Flashcards

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How many times do people communicate in a given day?

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continually throughout the day

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according to a surveys of companies, the most quality they look for in a job applicant is

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the ability to communicate effectively

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The literal meaning of the word message is referred to as

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content level of meaning

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symbols can be described as

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Abstract, arbitrary , and ambitious representation of other things

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The major distinction between the linear and interactive models of communication is

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The interactive model includes feedback, or response to a message

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Bart tries to concentrate on during a particularly difficult lecture, but finds that he is more focused on the instructors unique style and delivery

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noise

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George Herbert mead's statement that humans are talked into humanity means

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We gain our identities by communicating with others

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communication in personal relationships

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Help solve problems, and involves personal disclosures

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What parts are a part of the Model of communications

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Noise, feedback, receiver, message

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People who communicate well have an advantage in their personal, social, and professional life.

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true

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. Communicating with other people promotes personal health.

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True

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Communication is vital for maintaining civic engagement in societies, unless they are democratic and pluralistic

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False

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In communication systems all parts of a system interact and affect each other

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true

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Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium with a system.

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true

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. A living system can sustain absolute equilibrium.

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False

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We have direct access to the thoughts and feelings of those with whom we communicate.

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False

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Linear models capture the process character of communication.

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False

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In the transactional model of communication, each person participates simultaneously as a sender and receiver of messages.

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true

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Communication research is a vital and growing field of work.

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true

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. __________ is anything that interferes with the intended meaning of communication.

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Noise

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. The earliest models of communication which described communication as one-way, are known as __________ models.

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Linear

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The __________ model of communication best represents communication as a shared and complex process.

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transitional

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A process is __________ and __________.

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Ongoing;dynamic

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A __________ consists of interrelated parts that affect one another.

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System

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__________ is the extent to which a system affects and is affected by outside factors and processes.

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openness

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Systems seek a state of equilibrium, or __________.

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Homeostasis

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According to Aristotle, what are the persuasive "proof"

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Logos, pathos, ethos

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Textual analysis is an example of which type of research approach

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qualitative

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Engaged in self-talk to plan out our lives, rehearsing ways of communicating in our minds and prompting ourselves to do or not do certain things are examples of what kind of communication?

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Intrapersonal

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The study of how communication creates and sustain relationships and how partners communicate about relational challenges and intimacy is called ____?

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interpersonal

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Taylor is the leader of a decision-making committee at work that focuses on solving some of the recent complaints about policies in the company. Which area of communication best applies to this example?

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group and team

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Studies of argumentation, persuasive speaking, and political communication all fall into which larger area of the communication field?

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public

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Studies involving how information flows through a business, relationships at work, sexual harassment and professional success fall into which area of communication?

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organizational

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Movies, music and television influence our cultural values. This area of communication study is known as _______________.

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mass

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Cell phones, Face Book, My Space, and Twitter have helped transform how we think and process information. This reflects a primary area of the modern communication discipline referred to as ______.

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social & personal media

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Studying distinctive styles of communication used by women, men, African Americans, and gays and lesbians is known as which area of the communication discipline?

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intercultural

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Communication is a relatively new area of academic study.

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False

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Sophists were known for their extraordinary concern for the ethical character of argument.

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False

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Pathos is the proof that appeals to listeners' emotions.

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True

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Ethos is proof based on logic and reasoning

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true

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John wants to understand more about how communication influenced and was impacted by the Civil Rights Movement. He decides to study Martin Luther King, Jr's ―I have a dream speech.‖ This is known as ethnographic research.

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False

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Critical scholars attempt to identify and challenge communication practices that oppress, marginalize, or otherwise harm individuals or social groups.

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True

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Researchers in the field of organizational communication sometimes study personal relationships people have in professional settings.

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True

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The study of movies and films is not a part of any of the fields of communication study

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False

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Media sometimes reinforce cultural stereotypes about race and ethnicity.

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True

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Effective communication principles are the same across all cultures.

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False

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__________ were teachers of rhetoric who boasted they could teach people how to win arguments by using gimmicks.

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Sophists

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. __________ is a type of quantitative research in which researchers control the context and what happens in it.

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Experiment

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Communication with ourselves, or self-talk, is called __________.

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Interpersonal communication

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. Three themes that unify diverse areas in the field of communication are __________, __________, and __________.

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Symbolic activities; meaning; ethics

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__________ __________ aims to understand how particular texts work

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rhetorical criticism

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__________ communication is communication between people.

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interpersonal

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. Studying __________ communication increases our insight into different cultures' communication styles and meanings.

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intercultural

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Studying phenomena in multiple ways is called __________.

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triangulation

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. Some organizations think of themselves as family. This is a reflection of their __________ __________.

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organizational culture

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The active process of selecting, organizing and interpreting people, objects, events, situations, and activities is known as __________.

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perception

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Don goes to class on Friday but the instructor is not present. The teaching assistant announces that the instructor is ill and there will be no class that day. When Don comes to class on Monday, he notices that students are handing in an assignment to the instructor. He discovers that the TA told students that even though there was no class Friday, they had a homework assignment to complete. Don's failure to attend to that part of the TA's message reflects which aspect of the perception process? [p. 44, III]

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selection

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Annika says, ―I didn't get a job offer because the interviewer was biased and it was a nasty day. However, Kathy didn't get an offer because she isn't qualified.‖ This is an example of __________.

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self-serving bias

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When you are tired, stressed, or sick, you are likely to perceive things more negatively than when you are well rested. This is an example of __________.

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physiological influences

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. Three-year-old Elena calls every adult male ―Daddy‖ because she doesn't yet make cognitive distinctions among men. This is an example of __________.

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a simple cognitive system

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According to Wood, the ability to feel with another person is called __________.

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empathy

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Which of the following is an example of tentative language?

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Sheryl may be upset.

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The number of personal constructs used, how abstract they are, and how elaborately they interact to shape perceptions is called __________.

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cognitive complexity

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The ability to perceive another as a unique individual is called __________.

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person-centeredness

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A system of ideas, values, beliefs, customs and language that is passed from one generation to the next and sustains a particular way of life is known as _________.

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culture

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We passively receive stimuli from around us

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False

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Stereotypes may be accurate generalizations about groups.

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true

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Self-serving bias is the subjective process of creating explanations for what we observe and experience.

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False

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Empathy and person-centeredness are the same.

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False

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Cultures can be made up of social communities that have their own unique values and practices.

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True

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Western cultures emphasize individualism more than other cultures, especially Eastern ones.

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True

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Mind reading is useful for good friends who want to communicate sincerely.

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False

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A judgment is a deduction that goes beyond what you know or assume to be a fact.

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False

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. Monitoring is the process of calling behaviors or other phenomena to our attention so that we can observe and regulate them

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True

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Attribution is the act of explaining why something happens or why a person acts a particular way.

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True

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Perception consists of these three interrelated processes: __________ , __________ and __________.

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selection; perception; interpretation

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__________ __________ are mental yardsticks that allow us to measure phenomena on bi-polar dimensions.

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Personal constructs

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The person you think of as the ideal friend or the best example of what a friend is like, is your __________ for a friend.

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prototype

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Your __________ for a first date describes how you and another person are supposed to act on a first date

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script

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Attributing your strengths and good actions to your personal integrity while attributing your weaknesses and mistakes to external factors beyond your control is known as the __________.

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self-serving bias

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A __________ consists of beliefs, values, understandings, practices, and ways of interpreting experience that a number of people share.

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culture

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A __________ is a belief or opinion that is based on observations, feelings, assumptions, or other phenomena that are not facts.

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judgment

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__________ is the process of calling behaviors or other phenomena to our attention so that we can observe and regulate them.

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Monitoring

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__________ is a theory that holds that we organize and interpret experience by applying cognitive structures called cognitive schemata.

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Constructivism

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A __________ is a predictive generalization about a person or situation.

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stereotype

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Which is not an example of nonverbal communication?

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words used to describe an action

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Which communication skill or process consists of arbitrary symbols in the form of spoken or written word?

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language

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Nathan laughs when his grandfather describes him as a ―cool cat.‖ ―That's how we used to describe someone who is neat, pleasing, good,‖ his grandfather says. ―Not anymore,‖ Nathan replies. This exchange reminds us that language is __________.

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arbitrary

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Rachel is surprised when her friend Sarah consistently interrupts her while she is speaking. Rachel believes her friend should not continually disrupt her. Rachel's perception of her friend's behavior is based on a __________.

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constitutive rule

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The statement ―we should not let old geezers drive‖ is an example of __________.

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loaded language

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Suzy is really upset and she feels like throwing a temper tantrum, even though she's 20 years old. Disregarding the social inappropriateness of her behavior, Suzy beats a door and then kicks it while in a public area. In this instance, Suzy's behavior was motivated by which aspect of herself?

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I

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To say that language is ambiguous means __________.

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it doesn't have clear-cut, precise meanings

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Brute facts are __________.

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symbolic constructions objective phenomena and activities

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Because symbols are __________, their meanings are not clear-cut or fixed.

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ambiguous

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__________ define what a particular communication stands for

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Constitutive rules

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. __________ defines the start and stop of interpersonal communication episodes.

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Punctuation

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Referring to a person as if one word such as ―conservative‖ or ―feminist‖ defines them in their completeness is referred to as __________.

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totalizing

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__________ happens when a group reclaims terms others use to degrade its members and treats those terms as positive self-descriptions.

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Reappropriation

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Thinking about experiences and ideas that are not part of your concrete, daily reality is called __________ thought.

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hypothetical

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We use verbal communication to define dominance and to negotiate status and influence in the aspect of relationship-level meaning called __________.

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power

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Because words are not the concrete or tangible phenomena to which they refer, we say that language is __________.

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Abstract

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__________ rules specify when, how, where, and with whom to communicate about certain things.

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regulative

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__________ rules are shared understandings about what communication means and what behaviors are appropriate in various situations.

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communication

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Nonverbal communication is estimated to account for what percentage of the total meaning of communication?

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65-93%

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What is not true about nonverbal communication

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it does not vary over time

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Rachel doesn't want to be interrupted while she's speaking so she avoids looking at others until she has said all she wants to say. Then she looks at the person who wants to respond. Rachel has used nonverbal behavior to __________.

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regulate interaction

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Assuming an attentive posture, holding eye contact, and nodding to show you understand what another person is saying are nonverbal behaviors that convey which dimension of relational level meanings?

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responsiveness

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Smiles, friendly touches, shaking hands are all signs of __________ in Western societies.

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liking

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Research has shown that babies in dysfunctional families are touched less often and less affectionately than babies in healthy families. This type of nonverbal behavior is referred to as __________.

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haptics

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Nathan just moved into a new apartment and spent the first day hanging pictures, putting out souvenirs of important times, and placing favorite objects on the bookshelves. Nathan has relied on what form of nonverbal communication to personalize the new apartment?

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artifacts

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artifacts

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proxemics

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. Joaquin came to the United States from Mexico three months ago and he is still having trouble understanding Americans' tendency to rush all the time. He is also surprised when his teachers are irritated if he joins class a while after class has started. Joaquin's confusion about American pace of life is based on which aspect of nonverbal behavior?

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chronemics

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During an argument, when Lisa tells her husband Scott, ―It's not what you said, it's how you said it,‖ Lisa is upset with Scott's use of __________.

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paralanguage

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Most nonverbal communication is instinctual; it is part of our genetic makeup.

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False

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The position and motion of the body is known as proxemics

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false

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Artifacts can be a part of proxemics, when they help us define our personal space

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true

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It is best to interpret another's nonverbal messages confidently.

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false

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I/You language can be used to describe both verbal and nonverbal communication.

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true

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Nonverbal behaviors related to our perception of odor and scents are called __________.

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olfactics

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Personal objects that announce identity and personalize spaces are called __________.

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artifacts

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Elements of surroundings that affect us and how we communicate are called __________.

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environmental factors

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How we perceive and use time is called __________.

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chronemics

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Vocal communication that does not use words is __________.

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paralanguage

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Nonverbal communication involving physical touch is called __________.

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haptics

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How we use space is referred to as __________.

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proxemics

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__________ refers to body position and body motions.

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kinetics

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What percentage of waking time does the average person spend listening, according to studies?

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45-55 %

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Which communication process or skill includes receiving messages, being mindful, and actively selecting, organizing and interpreting information?

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listening

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Putting together all that we have selected and organized, in order to make sense of communication, is known as __________.

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interpretation

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Most experts consider the final aspect of listening to be __________.

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remembering

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Shawn is having trouble listening effectively in his advanced philosophy course. Usually he listens well in class, but the professor in this case is so full of information and he presents such complicated ideas that Shawn has difficulty following and retaining the lecture. Shawn is experiencing a listening obstacle known as __________.

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message complexity

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When a close friend she hasn't seen in a long time visits Beth in her dormitory room, Beth closes the door to the hallway, turns off the radio and shuts the window. By doing so Beth is reducing the potential __________ so she can effectively listen to her friend.

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environmental distractions

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. As soon as the news program begins an interview with the President, Dolores quits paying attention and she mumbles to herself, ―I already know everything he has to say and I don't want to hear it again.‖ Dolores' ability to listen is being hindered by __________.

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prejudgment

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When Jing says to Juana that she is having a difficult time in her chemistry class, Juana's first response is to launch into an extended description of the difficulties she had in her physicals class. By doing so, Juana is engaging in a faulty listening practice known as __________.

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monopolizing

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While visiting her parents on a break from school Melinda doesn't pay attention to much of what they say. She lets much of their communication just come in one ear and out the other without her ever listening. However, when her mother mentions going shopping to get some new clothes and good novels for Melinda to take back to school, Melinda listens attentively. This is an example of __________.

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selective listening

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Critical listening involves __________.

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judging the speaker's trustworthiness

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The monopolizing technique in which a person shifts the topic of talk back to himself or herself is known as __________ __________.

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conversational rerouting

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__________ involves perceiving a personal attack, criticism, or hostile undertone in communication where none is intended.

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Defensive listening

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5. Listening carefully for the purpose of gathering ammunition to use in attacking the speaker is known as __________.

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ambushing

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Listening that neglects others' feelings and our connections with them while focusing only on the content level of meaning is known as __________ __________.

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literal listening

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__________ __________ exists when a message we are trying to understand is highly complex, is packed with detailed information, or involves intricate reasoning.

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Message complexity

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Hearing only what we want or expect to hear is a form of __________ __________.

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selective listening

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10. __________ __________ are any interruptions or occurrences in the communication setting that interfere with effective listening.

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Environmental distractions

Midterm: human communications – Flashcards

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