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when one person is talking to him or herself the kind of communication we do most often.

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Intrapersonal communication

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second most common; between two people

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Interpersonal communication

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ex. conventions; church meetings

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small group communication

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ex. heirarchys

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organizational communication

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when one person is talking to a whole bunch of people at one time through a medium

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mass communication

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when one person is talking to a whole bunch of people all at the same time directly

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public communication

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speaker is sending a message to the listener the listener is responding with feedback (words, mumbling, non-verbal), all of this communication is happening through channels. There are four channels used to communicate...hearing,visual,touch,and smell. interference interferes with your four channels. last component of the model is the situation which is for ex. face to face, hot or cold room, in or outside...it is also the relationship between speaker and listeners.

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Shannon-Weaver Model

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anything that blocks or hinders the accurate communication of a message. there are three types.

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Interference

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arises outside the listener: someone coughing, a baby crying, people talking loudly in the hall, or an air-conditioning break down that leaves the listeners hot and sticky and preoccupied with their discomfort.

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external interference

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comes from within the listener. some listeners might be daydreaming or worrying about a personal problem. some might be too tired to expend mental energy on listening. as a speaker, you can help listeners overcome internal distractions by making your speech so lively and interesting that the audience feels compelled to listen to you.

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internal interference

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occurs when the speaker uses words that are unfamiliar to the audience, or that are interpreted in a way that the speaker did not intend. if the speaker wears bizarre clothing, some listeners might scrutinize the attire instead of concentrating on the speech.

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speaker-generated interference

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verbal and nonverbal responses that the listeners give the speaker.

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feedback

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when a listener asks questions or makes comments during a lecture.

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verbal feedback

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ex. smiling, nodding, frowning, yawning etc.

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nonverbal feedback

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fear of being stared at fear of failure fear of rejection fear of the unknown

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reasons for nervousness

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a hormone, triggered by stress, that stimulates hear, lungs, and muscles and prepares the body for "fright, flight, or fight"

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adrenaline

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converting your anxiety into constructive energy; useful energy

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positive nervousness

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the process by which sound waves are received by the ear

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hearing

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the act of interpreting and evaluating what is being said

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listening

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at or over 500 words a minute

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Listening Rate/Reading Rate

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at about 150 words a minute

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Speaking Rate

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-Yes/No -Scale -Multiple Choice -Checklist -Open-ended -Ranking -Fill in the blank

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Kinds of Questions

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the technical language of a group or profession; "interface" or "virtual reality" ex. bite the bullet if must use explain or illustrate each term.

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Jargon

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the broad objective of a speech; what is the point of your speech there are only three choices, to inform, persuade, or entertain.

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General Purpose

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giving new information to your listeners. define a concept or explain a situation, or demonstrate a process.

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To inform

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convince listeners to come over to your side, to adopt you point of view. To change then in one or both of these ways: change their minds or change their behavior.

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To persuade

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aimed at amusing your audience. it is light, fun and relaxing.

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To entertain

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a sentence that needs to inform, persuade, or entertain; the precise goal that a speaker wants to achieve ex. at the end of my speech my audience will...be able to make a cake.

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Specific Purpose

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a verb form beginning with "to"

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infinitive

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a thesis statement, its the entire speech summarized in one sentence; the key concept of a speech.

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Central Idea

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the most important part of the public speaking situation

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Audience

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facts about people, race, ethinicity, gender, sex, education, etc. things that you can record about people

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demographics

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audiences knowledge and opinions; things we can record about their minds, knowledge and opinions.

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psychographics

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Use a visual aid if and only if it is more efficient than words alone.

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Principle of Efficiency

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Verbal aids primary focus is words and a visual aids primary focus is visual.

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Verbal Aid vs. Visual Aid

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Primary focus is words

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Verbal Aid

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Primary focus is visual

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Visual Aid

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-big -bold -simple

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Rules for Visual Aid Use

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What is going to go 1st, 2nd, 3rd... -Chronological -Spatial (how things are organized in space physically) -Topical

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Organizational patterns

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an expression that links ideas and shows the relationship between them; words, phrases, or sentences that show logical connections between ideas or thoughts. types: bridges, internal summaries, signposts, and spotlights.

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Transitions

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connect the previous information with the next information; a transitional device that links what went before with the next part of a speech.

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Bridges

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when you finish an important section in a speech you may want to summarize the key ideas you talked about; a concise review of material covered during the body of a speech.

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internal summaries

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ex. first, second, last, etc..; tells listeners where they are or where they are headed; an explicit statement of the place that a speaker has reached.

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Sign Posts

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transitional devices, they emphasize important information; a device that alerts listeners to important points; ex. what im telling you know will help you understand the rest of the speech.

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Spotlights

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Something that grabs our attention; hypothetical illustration, rhetorical question, overt-response question, make a provocative statement, cite a quotation, arouse curiosity.

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Kinds of Attention Devices

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an imaginary scenario that illuminates a point.

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Hypothetical illustration

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A question asked solely to stimulate interest and not to elicit a reply.

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Rhetorical question

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a question asked to elicit a direct, immediate reply.

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Overt-response question

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-Attention Device -Orientation -To Speaker -To Topic -Preview

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Introductions

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-Summary -Wrap Up -signal the end -repeat importance -Clincher

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Conclusions

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An intro is just a conclusion in reverse and the other way around.

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intro and conclusion relationship

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Component of intro; get the audience ready to listen orient them to the speaker so why should they listen and to the topic why should they care about the topic

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Orientation

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Component of intro; a list of main points; the central idea and preview are the same thing.

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Preview

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Component of conclusion; exactly what the preview is but change the verb tense from present to past ex. today you will learn today you have learned.

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Summary

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Component of conclusion; the final statement in a speech that drives home the key concept of the speech

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Clincher

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ONLY: -keywords -phrases -symbols

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What may be on your notecards

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interview, surveys, find out exactly who the listeners are and what they know; collecting information about audience characteristics.

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Analyze

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make the speech to the listeners' knowledge level and to their needs and outlooks; adjusting one's material and delivery to meet listeners' needs.

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Adapt

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ex. hot or cold, in or outside; relationship to audience.

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Occasion

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start broad then to something very specific pyramid: -topic -general purpose -specific purpose -central idea

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Developing your Speech/Focus

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Broad idea

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Topic

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-3-5 points -one idea each -parallel language

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Main Points

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You write the body of the speech before the intro and conclusion.

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What part of the Speech to write first

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dress one level more than your audience

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appearance

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dictionary definition

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denotation

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applied definition; what implied meaning does the word have

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connotation

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-impromptu -memorized -manuscript -extemporaneous

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four methods (modes) of speaking

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means winging it; no prep

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impromptu

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you plan out every idea but not every word and deliver it from cue cards (brief notes)

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extemporaneous

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every word is planned out; the script is memorized

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memorized

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every word is planned out; and read from a script

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manuscript

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variation in pitch

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intonation

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illustrate a point as long as they are intentional and purposeful

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pauses

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um and uh. when you are talking and you don't know whats coming next so instead of pausing you fill it in with um, uh, like etc...

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disfluencies

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-projection -articulation -pronunciation -pitch -intonation -volume -rate -pauses -disfluencies

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elements of the voice

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-eye contact -gestures -movement -appearance

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Physical delivery

Midterm Exam Review: Speech 1315 – Flashcards

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