Midterm – Microbiology – Flashcards
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| Microbe, Microorganisms |
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| tiny living thing; Organisms |
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| Ubiquitous |
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| being or seeming to be everywhere at the same time |
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| Microbiology |
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| The study of tiny life forms, not readily seen without magnification |
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| Pathogens; disease causing |
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| Bacteria,Virus,Fungus,Protozoa, Amoeba, Algae, Helminth (worm) |
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| CDC |
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| Center for Disease control and prevention |
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| Top 3 causes of death in the US |
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| heart disease, cancer, stroke |
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| Prokaryotic |
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| Original cells, lack nucleus -Bacterial cells |
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| Eukaryotic |
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| contains nucleus -Animals, plants, fungi and protists |
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| Bioremediation |
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| the use of biological agents (living things) to clean up environmental problems |
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| Parasite |
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| needs living breathing host to survive, cannot live on own |
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| WHO |
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| world health organization (like CDC but national) |
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| emerging diseases |
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| newly identified diseases; trending |
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| reemerging diseases |
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| diseases that used to trend and are trending again |
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| Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek |
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| Linen Merchant, credited for creating the microscope |
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| Louis Pasteur |
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| disproved spontaneous generation proved "germ theory" |
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| Spontaneous Generation |
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| life emerges from non living things |
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| Scientific Method |
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| Hypothesis (idea) Experimentation (proof) Theory (years of testing same result) Law |
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| Robert Koch |
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| Idea "one bug creates one specific disease" |
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| Dr, Ignaz Semmelweis |
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| Introduced cleanliness in hospitals. Hand washing between patients |
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| Joseph Lister |
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| "aseptic technique" doing things that will reduce microbes in MEDICAL SETTING |
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| Domains |
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| Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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| Binomial |
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| 2 names applies to genus and species class |
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| Phylogeny |
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| All living things are related to other living things |
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| Evolution |
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| All living things change gradually over time to adapt to their environment (natural selection on those meant to survive will) |
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| Atoms; consist of |
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| basic building block of matter |
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| What atoms are made up of |
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| Proton (+) Neutron (lives in nucleus) Electron (-) (orbit nucleus) |
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| Atomic number |
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| based on the number of protons an element has |
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| Molecule |
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| 2 or more elements oxygen o2 |
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| Compound |
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| 2 or more different elements h2o hydrogen and oxygen |
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| Bonds |
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| When two or more atoms either share, lose or gain electrons |
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| Covalent Bonds |
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| atoms that share electron |
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| Ionic Bonds |
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| electrons are transferred from one atom to another (no sharing) |
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| Hydrogen Bonds |
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| Bonded to water |
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| Carbon |
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| The fundamental element of life, in all living things |
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| Organic Chemical |
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| Has carbon |
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| Inorganic Chemical |
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| No carbon |
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| Macromolecules |
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| large or big compounds made up of smaller molecular sub units. Building blocks |
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| 4 Macromolecules |
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| Carbohydrates Protein Lipids Nucleic Acid |
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| Carbohydrates |
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| Glucose=sugar Energy |
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| Proteins building block |
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| Amino acids structure, enzymes, antibodies |
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| Lipids building block |
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| fatty acids nervous system, cell membrane, energy |
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| Nucleic Acid building block |
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| DNA, RNA |
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| Microbiology Techniques 6 I's |
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| Inoculation-gather sample incubation-make grow isolate inspect information gather identification-ID what bug |
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| Chemotaxis |
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| when the flagellum detect and move in response to chemical signals |
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| Conjugation |
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| Mating process between cells. -Pilus from the donor cell unite with a recipient cell providing connection for making a transfer of DNA |
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| Biofilms |
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| Masses of microbes that cling together |
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| Glycocalyx |
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| A sticky extracellular deposits that forms as cells divide. Protects the cells. |
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| Gram Positive |
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| 2 layer bacteria, purple easy to treat due to only having one layer |
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| Gram Negative |
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| 3 layer bacteria, red |
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| Bacterial endospore (spore) |
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| Resistant life form, known for withstanding hostile conditions and facilitating survival. |
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| chromosomes |
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| large units of genetic info; make up DNA |
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| mitosis |
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| when duplicated chromosomes are separated equally into daughter cells |
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| phases of mitosis |
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| Prophase- chromosomes condense Metaphase- chromosomes take on x shape Anaphase- chromosomes separate Telophase daughter cells form |
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| viruses |
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| -the most abundant microbes on earth -interact with their host and can carry genes from one host cell to another -Contain either DNA or RNA -kill their host |
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| obligate intracellular parasite |
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| virus that cannot multiply unless it invades a specific host cell and instructs its machinery to make and release new viruses |
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| Antibiotics |
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| medication that can only kill bacteria |
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| bacteriophages |
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| viruses that eat bacteria |
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| multiplication cycle in Animal virus |
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| Adsorption, penetration, synthesis, assembly, release |
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| persistent infections |
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| cells that escape destruction by harboring the virus. -can last the life of the host -ex. measles |
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| latent state |
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| inactive over long periods ex herpes zoster virus, chicken pox, shingles |
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| oncogenic |
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| animal viruses that enter host and permanently alter its genetic material leading to cancer -transformation |
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| oncoviruses |
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| mammalian viruses capable of initiating tumors |
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| adaptation |
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| how microbes survive in their habitats -thru a process of gradual adjustments of anatomy and physiology |
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| Nutrition |
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| a process by which chemical substances called nutrients are acquired from the environment and used in cellular activities such as metabolism ans growth |
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| Essential Nutrient |
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| any substance whether an element or molecule that must be provided to an organism 2 types- macronutrients - micronutrients - trace element |
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| Diffusion |
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| The net movement of molecules down to their concentration gradient by random motion. - to lose concentration |
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| Osmosis |
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| Diffusion of H20 thru a permeable memebrane |
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| Aerobe "aerobic organism" |
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| organism that posses the enzyme needed to process toxic o2 products (needs oxygen) |
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| Anaerobe "anaerobic microorganism" |
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| organism that lacks the enzyme system for using o2 gas in respiration (doesn't need o2) |
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| Microbial association |
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| mutualism- both parties benefit commensalism- other member not harmed parasitism- host harmed synergism- cooperate and share nutrients antagonism- inhibited or destroyed by others |
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| metabolism |
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| change, all chemical and physical workings of cells |
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| catabolism |
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| larger molecules broken down to smaller |
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| anabolism=biosynthesis |
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| smaller molecules built into a larger one, form cell structures |
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| enzymes |
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| protein-amino acids necessary for all reactions to take place makes the reaction better, quicker, less energy |
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| Coenzyme |
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| needed for the enzyme to work vitamin |
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| antagonism |
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| a type of competition, occurs when the actions of one organism affect the success or survival of others in the same community |
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| aerobic respiration |
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| required oxygen |
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| ferment |
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| producing energy without oxygen |
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| anaerobic respiration |
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| does not require oxygen |
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| cellular respiration |
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| 1.glycolysis- glucose in, creates pyruvic acid (anaerobic, cytoplasm) 2.krebs cycle/citric acid- o2 in co2 out (aerobic, mitochondria) 3.electron xport chain/resp chain- created ATP expels h2o (aerobic, mitochindria) |
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| fermentation |
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| cell metabolism in food cells, by product alcohol=ethanol |
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| genetics |
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| the science that studies the inheritance of biological characteristics by living things |
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| Deoxyribonucleic acid |
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| DNA; double helix Adanine:Thymine Cytosine:Guanine |
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| Genome |
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| sum of all genes |
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| Crick and Watson |
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| discovered DNA |
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| RNA |
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| Ribonucleic acid; single stranded produces protein molecules Cyanine:Guanine Adanine:Uracil |
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| Transcription |
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| protein synthesis process where DNA synthesizes RNA |
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| Translation |
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| protein synthesis process where the information in the RNA is used to produce proteins |
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| mutations |
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| mistake in the genetic code |
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| mutagen |
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| physical or chemical agents that damage DNA virus, radiation, chemical, smoking |
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| Iatrogenic |
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| condition caused by medical personnel or treatment |
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| Highest Resistant microorganisms |
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| Prions Bacterial spores |
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| Lowest Resistant microorganisms |
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| Most Bacteria fungal spores |
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| Control Methods |
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| Disinfection (on inanimate) Sterilization ( killing all viable) Antisepsis (on human body) |
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| Mode of action |
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| an antimicrobial agents adverse effects in cells |
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| microbicidal agents |
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| bactericide fungicide virucide sporicidal |
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| Agent effects on the cell wall |
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| Antibiotics destroy cell wall |
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| Physical methods of control on microbes |
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| Moist heat- 120* for 20 mins Radiation-reduce b vitamins, increase free radicals |
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| Autoclave |
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| Machine for sterilization 1. pressure 2. heat |
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| pasteurization |
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| using heat to kill agents, while maintaining the flavor of the food. -only kills bugs that will make you sick (pathogens) |
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| Free Radicals |
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| Bad cells come from chemicals & toxins- the environment. lead to cancer (smoking,food,sun,alcohol) |
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| antioxidants |
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| prevent cancer, kills free radicals vits: A,C,E Silenium, Zinc Fruits: Berries,all tea,carrots,citrus fruits,nuts,fish,avocados,green leafy veggies, coffee |
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| Chemical methods for reducing pathogens |
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| Iodine Chlorhexadine Alcohols Hydrogen Peroxide Mercurials Silver Nitrate |
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| MRSA |
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| Methacillan Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Bacterial Infection can infect whatever part of the body it gets in |
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| Chlorahexadine |
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| antiseptic cleanser for MRSA and Acinetobacter |
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| Hydrogen peroxide h2o2 |
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| cleanser used for OVERNIGHT contact lense solution |
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| Pseudomonas |
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| pathogen, liven in soap dish |
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| Mercury |
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| Toxic, carcinogen mercury--Thimerisol derivative of mercury Thimerisol-vaccines |
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| Silver nitrate |
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| Form of silver, used on babies eyes at birth can be purchased otc |
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| Colloidal Silver |
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| mild germicide ointment or rinse |
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| Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |
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| treat but keep the person alive, causes adverse affects. |
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| Fleming |
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| credited with having discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin (fungus) antibiotic (bacteria) |
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| prophylaxis |
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| prevention taken before to prevent infection |
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| chemotheraputic drug |
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| any chemical used in the prophylaxis of a disease |
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| parenteral |
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| right into antiviralsthe muscle or vein |
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| Rifampin |
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| drugh therapy for tuberculosis |
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| tetracycline |
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| used to treat acne, stds lyme disease can stain teeth |
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| azoles |
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| antifungal drugs athletes foo, yeast infection, thrush |
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| antivirals |
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| Tami flu- flu virus amantidine- anti viral acylovir- herpes virus |
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| interferon |
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| body produces, immune system, white blood cells. -kills virus and cancer cells -can be given as a drug |
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| AZT |
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| current, only drug given to AIDS patient |
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| Probiotic |
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| good bacteria |
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| drug resistance |
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| adaptive response when microorganisms tolerate a drug |
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| Liver |
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| main organ for destroying toxins detoxification |
