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music in the middle ages

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450-1450

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music in society- middle ages

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musicians worked for churches, courts, and towns churches and catherdrals were the center of musical life and education during the middle ages. women could only make music in convents secular music and dance flourished.

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mood and emotional expression

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gregorian chants convey a calm otherworldly spiritual quality medieval composers were relatively uninterested in expressing the emotions of a text.

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Rhythm

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Gregorian chant rhythm is flexible w/o meter and has little sense of beat as a result the music has a floating quality. Notre dame composers developed the first instances of western notation that indicated specific pitches as well as measured rhythms with definite time values. Dances have a regular, clearly defined beat In ars nova, the beat that could be subdivided into two as well as three and syncopation became an important rhythmic practice

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Tone color

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occasionally vocal or instrumental music will be accompanied by a drone

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melody and harmony

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for centuries medieval composers based original compositions on chant melodies chant melodies of the middle ages often move by step within a narrow range medieval music theorists considered the interval of a third a dissonance; thus the music occasionally can sound hollow to us music is based on church modes rather than major and minor scales

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Texture

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for hundreds of years western music was basically monophonic sometime between 700 and 900 CE a second line of music was added to Gregorian chant, creating organum starting around 1200, composers wrote polyphonic music in three and four voice parts

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gregorain chant

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consists of melody set to sacred latin txts and sung without accompaniment

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Named after

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Pope Gregory I

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mass

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highlight of the liturgical day, was a ritual reenactment of the last supper. polyphonic choral composition of the catholic church

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church modes

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otherworldly sound of gregorian chants results partly from unfamiliar scales.

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drone

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consist of one or more long, sustained tones accompanying a melody.

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Troubadours and trouveres

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first large body of secular songs surviving in decipherable notation were composed in 12 and 13 centuries by French nobles. performed by Jongleurs

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Estampie

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a medieval dance is of the earliest surviving forms of instrumental music

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organum

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medieval music that consists of Gregorian chant and one or more additional melodic lines called

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new art

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changes in musical style in the fourteenth century were so profound that music theorists refereed to Italian and french music as. beats could be subdivided into 2 as well as 3

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mass ordinary

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consists of texts that remain the same from day to day throughout the church year.

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the 5 sung prayers are (Mass)

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kyrie gloria credo sanctus and agnus dei

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renaissance

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1450-1600

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music in society -renaissance

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musical patronage gradually shifted from the church to the courts. music was an important leisure activity, and every educated person was expected to be trained in music the invention of printing during the renaissance widened the circulation of music secular music and dance flourised

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words and music

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vocal music was more important than instrumental music

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word painting

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musical representation of specific poetic images

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texture

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renaissance music is mostly polyphonic sounds fuller than medieval music

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rhythm and melody

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more a gentle flow than a sharply defined beat

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motet

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a polyphonic choral work set to a sacred latin text other than the ordinary of the mass

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the renaissance mass

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kyrie gloria credo sanctus and agnus dei

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lute

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a plucked string instrument with a body shaped like a pear.

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mood and emotional expression R

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wrote vocal music to enhance the meaning and emotion of a text renaissance madrigals express a wide range of emotions and imagery through word painting secular music contains more rapid shifts of mood than sacred music

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rhythm R

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rhythm is more of a gentle flow than a sharply defined beat, particularly in a cappella choral music. each line of music has great rhythmic independence secular music both vocal and instrumental usually has a more clearly define beat

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melody and harmony R

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-compared with music of the middle age, renaissance music sounds mild and relaxed because stable, consonant triads occur frequently and are favored over dissonances -melodies usually move stepwise along a scale, with few large leaps -the bass register was used for the first time, resulting in a fuller sound and richer harmonies -In renaissance vocal music especially, each melodic line has great independence, phrases often overlap to create a seamless flow of sound among the parts.

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tone color R

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in renaissance music, instruments may or many not accompany vocal music by doubling one or more of the parts

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Texture R

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-the main texture of renaissance vocal music is polyphonic, with a typical choral piece having four to six different parts of a nearly equal melodic interest -imitation among voices is common, particularly in a cappella choral music -homophonic texture is also used, especially in light music, like dances -secular music written for solo voices and for solo voice with accompaniment of one or more instruments were popular

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performance practice

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-sacred choral music was sung by an acappella male choir; women were excluded from participating in liturgical services -in courts, the number of musicians could be from ten to as many as sixty, and women functioned as virtuoso singers in several italian courts during the late renaissance -renaissance music does not indicate temp and dynamics, or the specific instruments or number of performers on a part.

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the baroque period

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1600-1750

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music in society B

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music was composed to order for specific events the primary areas for employment for musicians were in aristocratic courts, the church, and the opera house. composers working in aristocratic courts were considered servants some aristocrats became accomplished musicians large towns employed musicians for a variety of functions

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music and emotional expression B

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in instrumental music a section or entire movement will express one basic mood throughout in vocal music, the changes of mood in the text are often accompanied by changes in music

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rhythm B

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-rhythmic patterns heard at the beginning of a piece are often repeated throughout. -the rhythmic pulse is regular, consistent, and strong typically featuring a constantly moving bass line, even when the music is in a slow tempo -the unity of rhythm provides compelling drive and energy that are characteristic of boroque music

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Dynamics B

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terraced dynamics change suddenly and are a feature of boroque music

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Tone color B

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-The basso continuo consisting of a bass melodic instrument, such as the cello or bassoon and a keyboard instrument is one of the most distinctive instrumental features of baroque music -10-40 players varied instruments -stringed instruments with basso continuo. woodwind brass and percussion are optional -purely instrumental music grows in importance asa genre throughout the baroque period

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melody and harmony B

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-melodies are often complex and are not easy to remember on one hearing -melodies recur as a whole or in part throughout a movement or aria -melodies give an impression of continuous expansion, even within a slow tempo -vocal melodies frequently use wide leaps and contain striking chromatic intervals -harmony is based on major and minor scales but may contain passages of striking chromaticism

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texture B

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in late baroque music the texture is polyphonic with an emphasis on the lowest and highest melodic lines -the bass line provides a harmonic foundation for the music often written as a figured bass that encouraged improvisation. -imitation between the individual melodic lines of music is very common

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baroque performance pieces

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performers of baroque music face numerous choices about how they are to play the music -scores often dont specify instruments or number of players -improvisation was important -either use authentic or modern instruments

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the classical period

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1750-1820

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music in society C

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composers strove to write music that would appeal to amateurs and learned connoisseurs -the growing middle class, who had greater access to education, financial stability and leisure time than ever before, fueled a demand for public concerts -composers increasingly broke from the patronage system -The aristocracy and middle class considered training in music an important educational skill -music making in the home became increasingly important

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mood and emotional expression C

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classical music features fluctuations of mood within a movement -changes in mood may occur gradually or suddenly but are always controlled by composers and typically fall within a emotional range -music was expected to be immediately appealing, pleasing, natural sounding, and tasteful

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rhythm C

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-Numerous rhythmic patterns provide variety and contrast -unexpected pauses, syncopations, and frequent changes between long notes and shorter notes also provide variety and contrast -rhythmic changes occur suddenly or gradually

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dynamics C

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gradually or suddenly, enabling the expression of highly varied emotional nuances with one movement

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tone color C

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-strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion of 25-60 players -wind and brass instruments were used in the orchestra to provide contrasts of timbre - the most important form of classical chamber music was the string quartet written for two violins, 1 viola and cello.

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melody and harmony C

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-tuneful and easily remembered -phrases often occur in pairs, 1st phrase ends with an incomplete cadence and the second ending more conclusively -classical melodies may be broken into fragments or motives that undergo development to explore different moods -harmonies are based on major and minor scales -dissonance is used to provide contrast, suspense, or excitement

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Texture C

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texture is predominantly homophonic -fluctuations of texture occur to provide contrasts; a piece may shift gradually or suddenly from one texture to another

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performance practice C

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-during the classical era, the use of characteristic baroque basso continuo was gradually abandoned -piano>harpsicord -simpler accompaniments written out by the composer -music to be composed for specific performers as to capitalize on their musical strengths - cadenzsa in concertos for solo instrument by mozart, performers must choose one by mozart, another composers, or creating one

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movement

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is a piece that sounds fairly complete and independent but is part of a larger composition

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concert Grosso

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for small groups of soloists and orchestra, mulit-movement work, usually 3 movements: fast, slow, and fast

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ritornello

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frequently used in 1st and last movements of concerto grosso theme repeatedly presented in fragments contrast between solo sections and tutti

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the fugue

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cornerstone of boroque music polyphonic composition based on one main theme. vocal or instrumental subject: main theme, presented initially in imitation. each voice comes in after previous is done presenting subject

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elements of opera

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drama sung to orchestral accompaniment text in opera is called libretto music--> composer libretto-->librettist 2 type of solo songs recitative: presents plot material aria: expresses emotion usually a show off vehicle for the singer

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chorus

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groups of actors playing crowd parts

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the prompter

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gives cues to the singers

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claudio monterverdi

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italian, early boaroque composer wrote first great operatic work, orfeo worked last 30 years at st marks in venice. 3 of 12

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henry purcell

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english composer buried beneath the organ in westminster abbey dido aeneas

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ground bass

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repeated musical idea in bass variation form- melodies above change also called basso ostinato

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the baroque sonata

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instrumental work multi-movement piece for one to eight instruments: trio sonata three melodic lines: basso continuo and two above

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antonio vivaldi

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late baroque italian composer II prete rosso (the red priest) taught music at girls orphanage in venice

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Bach

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German organist and violinist known during lifetime as keyboardist wrote in every form except opera highpoint of polyphony combined with harmony. role model for learning to write music

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The Baroque Suite

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instrumental, multi-movement work. written for listening, but based upon dance movements usually in binary form-AABB often began with non-dance overture french overture-2 sections 1 slow 2 faster forerunner of forms used in next period

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The Chorale and church cantata

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Lutheran church service was social event of the week chorale: hymn tune w/ german text Cantata multi movement church work for chorus, soloists, and orchestra. vernacular religious text, resembled opera in its use of choruses, recitatives, arias, and duets

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The Oratorio

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Like Opera: Large scale work for chorus, soloists, and orchestra contains arias, recitatives, and ensembles unlike opera: no acting, scenery,or costumes. based upon biblical stories

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George Frederic Handel

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born in germany same year as bach. not from musical family studied music in germany then to italy to study opera, finally england to work. became englands most important composer. owned opera company buried in westminster abbey.

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The classical orchestra

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increase size in orchestra.: strings(melody), woodwinds(contrasting tone), bass(Power to loud passages), and percussion(rhythmic bite and emphasis)

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classical forms

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1st fast 2nd flow 3rd dance-related 4rd fast themes in one movement rarely appear in another movement

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Vienna

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became music capital of Europe

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sonata form

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also called sonata-allegro form refers to form of a single movement ternary form - 3 main sections exposition, development, recapitulation usually ends with a tag or tail- coda

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theme and variations

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single part form- no large contrasting B section basic idea presented and then repeated over and over with variations

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minuet and trio

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ternary form based upon stately court dance of baroque each ternary part is itself ternary: Minuet trio minuet return of the minuet is usually marked on the music as da capo

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Rondo

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features a tuneful main theme which returns over and over, lively and simple to remember. main themes alternates with other contrasting sections ABACA small rondo ABACABA large rondo

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The classical concrto

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three movements: fast slow fast combines soloists virtuosity with power and timbres of orchestra break near end of 1st and sometimes last movement called cadenza- showpiece for soloist

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classical chamber music

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designed for the a room 4-9 instruments quartet sonata for violin and piano piano trio violin cello and piano string quintet 2 violins and violos, cello

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joseph hadyn

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austrian composer esterhazys composer for 30 years made concert trip to london prolific composer

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wolfgang amadeus mozart

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austrian son of musician child prodigy prolific short life span wrote in all classical genres

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Beethoven

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german son of professional musician wrote final pieces totally deaf wrote in all classical genres

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