Flashcards and Answers – Mid Term Study Guide
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When sociologists' group people into categories based on their age, gender, educational level, job, and income, they are trying to determine
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Social location
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The sociologist responsible for suggesting the connection between history and biography to explain the sociological imagination
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C. Wright Mills
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Which of the following elements did C. Wright Mills attribute as being the one that sociologists would use to explain individual behavior?
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External influence
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The first person to propose that the scientific method could be applied to the study of social life was
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Auguste Comte
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The theorist who is sometimes referred to as "the second founder of sociology" was
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Herbert Spencer
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The Wall Street Journal has declared that the three greatest modern thinkers were
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Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud and Albert Einstein
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According to Max Weber, the Protestant ethic was a central factor in the birth of
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Capitalism
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Because of her outstanding contributions to social reform, as demonstrated in her work as co-founder of Hull-House, -------- was a co-winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931
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Jane Addams
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The first African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard University, who spent his lifetime studying race relations in America and was one of the founders of the NAACP, was
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W. E. B. Du Bois
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Language, beliefs, values, norms, behavior, material objects, and technology that are passed from one generation to the next by members of society describe
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Culture
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In 1906, sociologist William Sumner made the comment, "One's own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it." This statement is most aligned with the concept of
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Ethnocentrism
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The emerging tools and the skills needed to use them, which have a significant impact on social life, are called
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New Technology
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The term "cultural lag," referring to the varying --------- among elements within cultures, was coined by sociologist ----------.
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Rates of Change; William Ogburn
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The spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another refers to
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Cultural Diffusion
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The sociologist who identified ten underlying core values of American society was
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Robin Williams
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Of the five interrelated core values emerging in American society, the one that is reflected in the "human potential" movement that focuses on "self help, relating, and personal development" is
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Self-Fulfillment
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The anthropologist who gathered data on hundreds of groups around the world to compare their customs, and then concluded that specific customs differed from one group to another, was
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George Murdock
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The concept of natural selection, which proposed that genes of a species are not distributed evenly among the offspring, thus enabling certain members of the species to survive while others die out, was developed by
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Charles Darwin
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Pigs, spiders, elephants, and other animals that rely solely on instinct act as they do because they lack a
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Cerebral Cortex
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The sociologist who studied feral children, including the abused child Isabelle who was discovered in 1938 living in an attic with her deaf-mute mother, was
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Kingsley Davis
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In the "nature versus nurture" argument regarding socialization, the "nurture" component refers to
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The social environment
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What term is used to describe children who are assumed to have been raised by animals in the wilderness and isolated from other children, such as the "wild boy of Aveyron"?
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feral
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Based on studies of isolated and institutionalized children, what is the key variable in acquiring the basic "human" traits we take for granted?
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intimate early social interaction
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The research in the early 1960s using rhesus monkeys to demonstrate the importance of intimate physical contact in the rearing of animals was conducted by
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Harry and Margaret Harlow
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What did the Harlow experiment conclude as being the key to infant-mother bonding?
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Intimate Social contact
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The process by which we develop a sense of self, referred to as the "looking-glass self," was developed by
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Charles Horton Cooley
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Our image of how others see us is called the
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Self
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George Herbert Mead theorized that learning to take the role of the other entails three stages - the ------ stage, ------- stage, and ------ stage.
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Imitation; play; team games
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Individuals who are approximately the same age and are linked by common interests, including friends, classmates, and the "kids in the neighborhood," are most appropriately referred to as
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peers
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In Amsterdam, a 21-year-old prostitute is scantily clothed, exhibiting her attributes in a storefront, smiling at potential patrons as they walk by. Based on this mental image, which statement best describes what is in progress?
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Social Interaction
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A focus on the broad features of society to analyze such things as social class and how groups relate to one another is called
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Macrosociology
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Which of the following is an example of social structure?
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A driver signaling a right turn with his directional signals
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The typical patterns of a group, such as its usual relationships between men and women or students and teachers, are referred to as
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Social Structure
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Bumper stickers such as "Proud Parent of an Honor Student" and "Warning: This Driver Convicted of DUI" are best described as being
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Status symbols
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Signs that identify a position in society that someone occupies are referred to as
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Status symbols
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A position in society that cuts across other statuses a person holds, such as being a high-ranking Army officer, a college president, or a handicapped Olympian, would be considered that person's
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Master status
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The difference between status and role is that
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We occupy a status that is a social position, but we play a role that is a social expectation.
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Expectations that guide our behavior are called
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norms
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Ferdinand Tönnies' term for the type of society he referred to as the "intimate community" was ---------. The term he used to describe the type of society characterized by "impersonal association" was ------.
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Gemeinschaft; Gesellschaft
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What term best applies to people who share a culture and a territory?
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A society
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Which society is characterized as being the most egalitarian and nomadic, consisting of 25 to 40 members?
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the hunting and gathering society
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The plow was to the second social revolution as the --------- was to the third social revolution.
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invention of the steam engine
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With the domestication of plants and animals, a number of significant social changes occurred. All of the following represent one of these changes, EXCEPT for which one?
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societies became more egalitarian
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A society that is based on the harnessing of machines powered by fuels is called a(n) ------- society.
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Industrial
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There are New York Yankee fans in every state in America, throughout Canada, and in nations all over the world. Sociologically, which concept best describes these fans?
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They are a category
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A group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation is referred to as a
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Primary group
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Kody is a member of the L.A. Crips. The other gangs in his territory are the Bloods and Satan's Slaves. Kody feels very antagonistic towards the Bloods and the Slaves. For Kody, these two rival gangs would be considered
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Out-groups
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are the social ties that radiate outward from the self and link people together.
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Social networks
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Which phrase became synonymous with the research Stanley Milgram conducted on "the small world phenomenon"?
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Six degrees of Separation
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The term "survival of the fittest," which is a principle part of the concept of social Darwinism, was coined by
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Herbert Spencer
