mid term – Norton – psy 201- hgtc – Flashcards
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goals of psychology
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to describe, explain, and influence behavior
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structuralism
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school of psychology focused on breaking mental activity down to its most basic elements - WundtTischner
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Psychoanalysis
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Freud- school of psychology- focus sexual and aggressive feelings
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Behaviorism
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school of psychology focus on observable behavior- Pavlov/Watson/Skinner
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Scientific Method
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developing a question, generating a hypothesis, collect/ analyze data, report results
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Descriptive research method
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to answer , who, what, where, when, how
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Advantages of Natural research
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captures behavior in the natural environment used to study behaviors that would be unethical to expose intentionally
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Case Study
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in depth collection of different types of information about a SINGLE person or SMALL Group, often used for rare conditions
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Survey
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collecting large amounts of data easily
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Meta Anaylsis
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combines and analyzes results from many different studies on one topic
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Correlation
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method to determine how strongly two variables are related to each other. just because two things are correlated does not prove that one causes the other
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experimental method
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research design model that is used to test for cause and effect relationship, one variable is manipulated to see if it causes change in another variable
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independent variable
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researcher can change,, manipulated or control
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dependent variable
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variable that is measured for change or outcome HINT - D (dependent) M ( measured) DM
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control group
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group of paricipants who do not receive the independent variable, HINT - Placebo group
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extraneous variable
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unwanted or uncontrolled variable that can influence the outcome - hint EXTRA (not wanted)
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Autism Spectrum Disorder
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involves impairment in language,social skills, repetitive behaviours - HINT -Rain man
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Action Potential
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electrical impulse transmits info along axon - uses sodium an potassium -
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what are the parts of the neuron
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Dendites, cell body, Axon, myelin sheath, synapse
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Synapse
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tiny space between neurons , neurotransmitters cross the synapse to stimulate or inhibit the next neuron - HINT point of communication
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Neurotransmitter
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chemical that passes across the synapse and is responsible for neuron communication HINT - crosses the synapse
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Acetylocholine
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neotransmitter implication in Alzheimer's Disease- HINT- Ace of cards , alzheimers forgets how to play cards
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dopamine
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neurotransmitter implicated in Parkinson Disease HINT- dope in the park
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serotonin
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Neurotransmitter implicated in depression HINT-Sera is depressed
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two MAIN divisions of the nervous system
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PNS CNS
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two parts of the autonomic nervous system
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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic _ HINT Auto
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Sympathetic Nervous system controls
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fight or flight response
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parasympathetic nervous system
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rest and digest
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neurogenesis
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ability to create new neurons
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cerebral cortex
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wrinkled area of brain, responsible for sophisticated functions
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four lobes of the brain
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occipital, temporal, parietal, frontal
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Occipital lobe controls
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vision
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Temporal
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auditory
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Parietal
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sensory and motor
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frontal
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thinking,planning, impulse control, emotional control
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limbic system
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thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
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limbic system controls
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emotions
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amygdala
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negative feelings, anger,disgust HINT- amy is angry
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hippocampus
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long term memories - hippos are long on campus to learn
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corpus callosum
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connection between two hemispheres
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Sperry split brain experiments
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corpus callosum is cut to treat seizures , separate brain functions of the two hemispheres
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lateralization
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two hemispheres of the brain have different functions HINT- latter with two rungs
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Localization
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different regions of the brain have different functions HINT- local =regions
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Broca area of the brain
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damage here impairs speech , but people an still understand language
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Wernicke area of the brain
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damage here impares comprehension and speech , but pt speech may be fluent but what are they talking about ? speech doesn't make sense
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functions of right hemisphere of brain
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visual patterns, faces,emotion,music , geometry shapes, sense of directions HINT , right brain are left handed people, and left handed people are typically artisitic
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functions of left hemisphere of brain
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verbal memory, speech , grammer, math , rule bound info. words letters
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Sensation
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detecting a physical stimulus such as light, heat, and touch
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perception
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process by which we make sense of , organize, and analyze sensations
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transduction
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the process by which physical energy is converted into a neural signal that our brain can process
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what are the sensory receptors
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hearing,sight,taste,smell,pain
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what is the hearing receptor
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hair cells
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what is the sight receptor
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rods and cones
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what is the taste receptor
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taste buds
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what is the smell receptor
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olfactory cells
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what is the pain receptor
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nociceptors
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absolute threshold
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the smallest possible strength of a stimulus that is detected half the time
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Rods
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peripheral vision and night vision
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Cones
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color and sharpness
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trichromatic color theory
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3 diff types of cones for color , red, green, blue
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Opponent Process Theory
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pairs of color receptors that oppose each other -when one color is stimulated the other is inhibited : red/blue blue/yellow white/black
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how are sound waves turned into auditory signals
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bending hair cells in the basilar membrane in the middle ear
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what are the primary tastes
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sweet , sour, salty , bitter umami
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gate controlled theory of pain
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the brain can send signals down the spinal cord that opens or closes the pain gate, helps reduce the perception of pain
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what are the two pain pathways
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fast pain, slow pain
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Fast pain
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sharp - short lived- not responsive to opiates
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Slow pain
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throbbing or burning - longer lasting- emotional - responsive to opiates
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bottom up processing
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using basic , raw data to develop meaningful perceptions
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top down processing
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using knowledge and concepts to develop meaningful perceptions
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Figure ground
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refers to our tendency to separate an image into the central element (figure) and the less distinct background (ground)
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Gestalt
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school of psycology , focused on perception and tated that we tend to perciee a whole
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law of closure
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see complete objects even with incomplete stimuli
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proximity
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group objects that are near each other
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good continuation
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group things that appear to be moving in the same direction
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similarity
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group similar objects
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persistent vegetative state
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impaired consciousness, periods of wakefulness but no awareness or voluntary actions
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attention
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selectively focus our awareness and senses on one particular aspect of the environment
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sleep cycle
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four stages of non REM- sleep gradually deepens and one period of REM sleep. we cycle through several times In one night
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REM sleep
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period of sleep in which we dream and our brains become relatively more active than in other phases of sleep
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Frontal lobe and its contribute to dreams
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less active, and the bizarre content of our dreams does not bother us
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Amygdala and its contribute to dreams
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more active , explains the high emotions of dreams
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Acetylcholine and its contribute to dreams
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higher levels, indicates that dreaming plays a role in memory
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Narcolepsy
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a sleep disorder involving uncontrolled episodes of sleep during the daytime
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freuds dream theory
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dreams represent symbolic fulfillment of our unconscious desires and wishes
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activaton synthesis theory
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dreams are the result of our awareness of signals our brain produces during sleep
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hypnosis
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cooperative social interaction in which one person becomes very open to another person suggestion causes changes in perception memory and behaviour
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what are the limits of hypnosis
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cannot make people do things against their will , doesn't help with memory or recover memories
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depressants
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inhibit brain activity
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stimulants
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increase brain activity , arousal and awareness
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opiates
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decrease pain perception
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psychedelic
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alter perception and mood
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drug tolerance
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increasing amounts of a substance are needed to produce the original desired effect
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withdrawal
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negative actions and cravings occur when a person abstains from a drug on which he or she has become dependent , usually opposite of the drugs effects
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dopamine theory of addiction
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drugs affect the brains dopamine system, responsible for feelings of reward and pleasure , after repeated drug use the addicted person may no longer feel satisfaction or pleasure from regular activities and may required the substance not to het high but to feel normal
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classical conditioning
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Pavlov- involves pairing a natural (unlearned, unconditional) stimulus with a neutral stimulus until the neural stimulus evokes a response, involve reflexive and involuntary reactions.
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unconditioned stimulus
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the natural or unlearned stimulus
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unconditioned response
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the reflexive response to the uncondional stimulus
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conditioned stimulus
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formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a response
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conditioned response
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the learned, reflexive response to the conditioned stimulus
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biologically prepared fears
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the concept that we have evolved to develop fears of certain objects and situations that represent a treat to survival
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operant conditioning
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a theory of learning developed by BF Skinner , involves increasing or decreasing a voluntary behavior by manipulating the pleasant and unpleasant consequences of that behavior , involves voluntary behaviors
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positive reinforcement
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giving a pleasant consequence in order to increase a behavior, reward
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negative reinforcement
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removing or avoiding an unpleasant consequence in order to increase a behavior escaping aversive stimuli by increasing a behavior
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negative punishment or punishment by removal
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removing a pleasant stimulus in order to decrease a behavior, timeout
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limitations of punishment
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doesn't work well when delayed or inconsistent, behavior tends to recur after the punishment stops, may cause negative reactions such as anger and rebellion, does not teach positive behavior
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shaping
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teaching a complex behavior by gradually reinforcement closer and closer approximations to the desire behavior
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extinction
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gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned behavior when it is no longer reinforced
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variable ratio
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schedule of reinforcement produces the highest most steady rates of behavior =
