MID TERM AH short answer – Flashcards
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What is "tufa", and what effect did it have on the contraction of Etruscan tombs?
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Tufa is a soft limestone used for building one or more subterranean multi-chambered tombs
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In what way does Etruscan temple differ from Greek temple?
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The Etruscan temple is made of wood and brick and has a low, deep overhanging eaves, three cellas, a deep porch, and is entered from the front only. It is placed on a high podium.
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What is granulation and how is it used?
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granulation is a a gold work technique in which the artisan applied small grains of gold to a metal surface in order to decorate jewellery
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How do Etruscan sarcophagi reflect the attitude of Etruscan society?
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The figures repeat the liveliness of the living through facial expressions and gestures. They are unique in the ancient world. Their interiors conveyed joyful emotion, suggesting that Etruscans continued the celebration, even in death.
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What was the general mood of the paintings found in earlier Etruscan tombs?
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the mood of early Etruscan tombs was joyful and lighthearted. It celebration of life and companionship with depictions of food, wins, and dance. It was not a somber contemplation of death
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What kinds of objects have been found in Etruscan tombs?
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Luxury goods and household: vases from Greece, jewellery, sarcophagi and furniture
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Briefly describe the role of women in Etruscan society
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They were unique in the ancient world. Etruscan women enjoyed relative independence and freedom. They could own property independently. They were educated and could attend banquets with their husbands and other public functions. Their names were acknowledged along with their husbands' names. They commissioned works of art. This relative freedom was an aspect of Etruscan society that horrified and frightened contemporaneous Greek men.
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In depicting human figures, what forms and style did Etruscan sculptors favour?
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Etruscan sculptures favoured the upper half of the figure, especially faces and gesticulating arms. In funeral work the sculptors portrayed the vivaciousness of the deceased as if still living and enjoying the pleasures of Etruscan life. This portrayal really exemplified the character of the Etruscans
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What is atmospheric perspective?
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depth is indicated by the increasingly blurred appearance of objects in the distance
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What are characteristics of concrete and what effect did it have upon building design?
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concrete is a building material of great tensile strength that allows for enormous flexibility in shaping both interior space and exteriors
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What is a groin vault
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a groin vault results from the intersection of two barrel vaults
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How does a vault differ from a post-and-lintel system?
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A vault allows more flexibility in covering vast interiors space, while a post-and-lintel system is limited by the structural elements of uprights and crossbeams. These do not allow great interior open space.
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How did Augustus change the style of portrait sculpture?
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During the Republican years, portraits of elders were the norm. During the reign of Augustus, sculptors were called upon to produce youthful portraits of the head os state. Augusts understood the powerful political statement a portrait could make and he used this very effectively during hid reign. Subsequent generations learned and followed his examples.
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HOw does the Christian community house locates in DUra-Europas reflect the state of Christianity within the Roman Empire?
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Before Christianity was legalised, Christians worships in modest, privately owned houses. Without approval of the ROman state, Christian and Jewish communities remained small
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What is the significance of Old St. Peter's?
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Old St. Peter's was the most magnificent of these Early Christian churches, It was constructed on the spot of Peter's grave, or so it was believes. This was a decision made by both Constantine and Pope Sylvester, This church became the visible sign of the acceptance of Christianity by the Empire.
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Explain Old St. Peter's relationship and place in Christendom.
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It is the most hallowed sites in Christendom; second to the CHurch of Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem the site of the Resurrection. The building itself fulfils the words, "thou art Peter and upon this rock I will build my church" , Peter was the 1st bishop of Rome and subsequent generation of popes are also the bishop of Rome.
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Why are catacombs significant?
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most Early Christian art dates from the third and fourth centuries and was found in the catacombs, the CHristian burial sites. It is the catacombs which provided the examples of Early Christian art from this period.
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What provoked Roman persecution fo the Christians?
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The Romans persecuted the Christians for their refusal to pay homage to the official gods of the Imperial state and included that pantheon of gods were the Caesars or emperors.
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Why are there very few depictions of the crucifixion in Early Christian art?
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This depiction was unknown prior to the 5th century. Artists emphasised the divinity of Christ through his life as a teacher ad miracle worker and not his suffering and death at the hans of the Romans. Allusion were made in a number or worlds about his death, the sarcophagus of Junius Bassus has a segment in which Christ appears before Pilate, The ROman judge and this refers to his coming crucifixion and death.
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THe phrase "consequences of iconoclasm" has significant meaning for the history of BYzantine art. Explain the Iconoclasm and its subsequent impact on Byzantine art.
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It cannot be overstated the damage this period (726-843) has on the art of Byzantium. For 117 years no depictions of Christ, the Virgin, or the saints were allowed. Even more damaging was the concerted effort made by the iconoclast to destroy countless works form the Early Byzantine period, hence the fragmentary knowledge of this early artistic period.
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Describe the contributions of Justinian during the Early Byzantine period
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His reign marks the end of the Late Roman Empire and the beginning of the Byzantium empire. He ambitiously set forth a building program, which defined the Byzantine architectural style henceforth.
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How did the Byzantine emperors refer to themselves and why is this significant?
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They called hero empire Romania or Rome. THey referred to themselves as Romaioi or Romans but they spoke Greek or Lain. THey never relinquished their claim to be legitimate successors to ancient Rome
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describe some of the cultural contributions made by Islam to Western Europe.
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Christian scholars in the west eagerly studies Arabic translations of the works of Aristotle and other Greek scholars of antiquity during the 12th and 13th centuries. west --> muslim architecture element (horse shoe arch) --> loved lyrics and poetic descriptions of nature provided influential inspirations fro early French troubadours. Arab scholars contributed greatly to the foundation of arithmetic and algebra and to the study of astronomy. --> greatly influences the study of medicine but also the practice of medicine shaping early western methods and techniques. not only did Islam impact western europe politically,; but cultural and architectural contributions were long lasting
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What is the Koran
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The holy book of Islam, codified by Uthman in 7th century. Koran means "recitations" and refers to the instructions or revelations the archangel Gabriel gave to Muhammad in 610 CE. Muhammad was instructed to "recite in the name of Allah" Koran is composed of 114 surahs or chapters divided into versus
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Why were monumental tombs vitally unknown in aryl Islamic period and how did they change?
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Muhammad objected to elaborate burials, he instructed his followers to buys him in a unmarked grave. Later the Prophet's resting place in Medina was enclosed by a wooden screen and covered with a dome. By the 9th century dynastic mausoleums were begin constructed, forcefully reminding the viewer of the presence of Islamic power
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How did the Mongols impact Islamic art?
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By the mid-13th century the MOngols conquered much of the eastern Islamic world. They were truly a formidable military power; their incursions and conquests caused the seat of Islamic power, centres in Bagdad, to be relocated to Egypt. They helps sway in the wast and the new lords of Islamic power because the Mamluks and Cairo was not the capital of the Islamic world. The Mamluks portrayed the Mongols vividly. The st. Louis basin presents such an image, the Mongols as enemies and the Mamluks as hunters
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Contrast the Lindau Gospels book cover and the Greco Crucifix
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The Lindau Gospels book cover presents the Early Christian representation of Christ as a youthful figure. The Greco Crucifix uses Byzantine formal of a matured bearded Christ figure, showing drama and blood of the event
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Why is the date, Christmas Day, 800 significant?
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Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne Emperor of Rome. THe event took place in St. Peter's basilica
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What is the significant of the term holy" when applies to Roman Emperor?
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It signifies his Christianity. This title was meant to imply that the holder was the Christian Emperor of Rome, the faith's "capital" in the medieval world
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Briefly describe the contributions of the loan Monks
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They established the monastery in Linisfame off the northern coast of Britain. THis became a great centre for learning as well as famous scriptorium.
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What from did much medieval art from this period takes and the reception of ti changed?
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most of what art has survived from this period consists of small, portable, "status symbols". Items of personal dormant and weapons count among the many objects found. Earlier scholars rejected these items as minor arts. It is important to recognise that for those living in the Middle Ages these objects were highly regarded.
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What does the term Romanesque mean and why was it first applies to this art historical period?
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It means "Romanlike" and was first applies in the early nineteenth century to describe the elements of European architecture of the eleventh and twelfth centuries that resembled Roman architecture
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Briefly describe the impact pilgrimage routes had on Romanesque Europe
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these routes provided increased funding via the pilgrims to the monasteries and churches that held the venerated relics of saints. This increased fudging also sparked an enormous investment in ecclesiastical buildings and furnishing in order to reflect "glory of God." It also reflected the competition among the monasteries to provide the most magnificent setting for the displays of the relics
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How was a pilgrimage a conscious feature of public devotion?
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It proclaimed the pilgrim's faith in the power of saints and the hope their special factor. The pilgrim braved from roads and conditions as well s perilous routes. Often the pilgrimage became an ac of repentance. The greater the distance and the hardships endured because measures of the devotion and sincerity of the pilgrim.
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Briefly describe the factors that contributed to the widespread adoption of stone architecture in the Romanesque period
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THey were a desire to provide a suitably majestic environment for the display of relics as well as competing for pilgrims and their donations. Stone masonry also enhanced the acoustics and creates a more spiritual and magnificent atmosphere for the liturgy and the accompanying music.
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What features must a church posses to be considered a "pilgrimage type" church?
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THE pilgrimage church increased the length of the nave and doubles the side aisles. THe pilgrimage church added transepts, ambulatory, and radiating chapels in order to accommodate the increased number of pilgrims follow gin the route in order to view the relics.
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How did groin faults change the weight shift in structures?
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Groin vaults in the tribune galleries as well as in the ground-floor as isles absorbed the pressure of the nave's barrel cult along the entire length of the nave. THe groin vaults served as buttresses fro the barrel vault and transferred the main thrust to the thick outer walls.
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What was the essential core value of the work of ROmanesque artists, whether they were anonymous or recognised?
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THeir work existed not for its own sake but for Gods. THe artists, recognised or unknown declared if their work had value, it would be an acceptable gift to offer to God. They were not yet aware of the concepts of fine art and fine artists.
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What is a keep?
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A secure tower in the castle that served as a place of last refuge
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Who was St. Dionysius (Denis)?
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he brought Christianity to Gaul (France)
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How did the cult of the Virgin impact Gothic society?
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The cult of the Virgin shifted focus form the severity go ROmanesque to a gentler more compassionate theme. Worshippers believed the Virgin stood between sinner and Christ interceding on behalf of the sinner. Great cathedrals were dedicated to her. The tone of society had changed.
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How do stained glass windows function within the context of a cathedral?
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they were not meant to just introduce colour and iconography into the interiors. In the cathedral interior, stained glass windows replaces walls. Light passes through them and is transmitted by them, filtering and transforming interiors. Stained glass windows because one with the architecture and the liturgy
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The word Reanissacne means rebirth. which of the following was a revival interests during this period?
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Classical culture
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the most devastating natural disaster in Europe during the late 1300's was which of the following?
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the Black Death
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which of the following cities was considered the rightful capital of the Roman Catholic CHurch?
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Rome
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The frontaitly, still poses, and lack of modelling as seen in Berlingheri's Saint Francis Altarpiece can be said to be which of the following?
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fundamentally medieval
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Which city was at its height of political and economic power when it employed the talents of the sculptor Nicola Pisano?
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Pisa
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which of the following is a medieval element depicted on the pulpit for the Baptistery of Pisa Cathedral?
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trilobed arches
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The work of Giovanni Pisano as seen in his pulpit for Sant' Andrea, Pistoia, shows a nervous energy and emotion not found in the work of his father. It can be said that the work of Giovanni shows an interest in which of the following?
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burgeoning naturalism
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which of the following works describes the Roman school of painting that replaces Byzantine stylised dignity with the careful depiction of light?
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Last Judgement
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Giotto's Enthroned Madona reflected the new trend toward naturalism and classical modelling of the figures. which of the following describes this new trend?
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The Vrigin is solid and has mass
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This historian, Giovanni Villani, wrote in the 14th century that this city was "the daughter and creature of Rome" suggesting a preeminence inherited from the Roman EMpire. Which of the following city-states does this phrase describe?
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Florence
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Who is the architect for the cathedral of Florence?
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Arnoldo di Cambio
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which of the following cities established itself as the major shipping power?
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Pisa
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The Triumph of Death is a powerful depiction of death and the folly of please and the inevitability of death. The Dominicans, an order commutes to a life of poverty, participated in the design of this for. Based on this which of the following groups would be portrayed in a negative light?
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the young aristocrats
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What did the humanist cult of fame emphasise?
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the importance of creative individuals
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What are confraternities?
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lay people dedicated to strict religious observance
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The artist projected on a flat surface the illusion of space. He also projected the illusion of solid bodies moving through the space. This description describes which of the following artists?
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Giotto
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Which of the following was characteristics of the work of Simone Martini?
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use of elegant flowing contour
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The International Style illustrates rich colour, intricate patterns, and weightless figures. which of the following works depicts this style?
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Annunciation
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which of the following is the monastic order that influences art through its stress on nature and the primary of personal experience?
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Franciscan
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which of the following is the sculptor whose work showed the greatest influence of the forms of classical antiquity?
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Nicola Pisano
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IN 1305, the College of Cardinals elected a pope from which of the following countries?
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France
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Duccio's work occupies the very centre of the sanctuary and must be splendid and rich in conveying its precious message. which of the following works does this describe?
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Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints (Maestra)
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What elements did Duccio bring to the Maesta?
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the modelled figures
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Who most strongly influences the art of Pietro Lorenzetti?
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Duccio
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He restored the naturalistic approach to painting as practices in Antiquity. He inaugurated a method of pictorial expression based on observation. He revealed nature and its visible order. This describes which of the following artists?
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Giotto
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Giovanni Pisano's works show which of the following ?
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burgeoning naturalism
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he politics of the Italian city-states were turbulent and violent. Governments were overthrown and reinstates. The Sinese government commissioned a series of frescoes offering a new view, the need for a fair and just administration. The artist of notes fro tho series is which of the following?
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Ambrogio Lorenzetti
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Whose work is best characterised by the use of solid volumes resting family on the flat horizontal surface of this earth?
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Giotto
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The Roman fresco tradition can best be seen in the work of which of the following artists?
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Cavillini
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Briefly describe humanism
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A code of civil conduct, a theory of education, the chief concerns of which revolved around human values and interests.
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Why are so many Italian church facades left uncompleted?
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the Italian architect did not consider the facade as an integral part of the structure. They considered the exterior as a mere screen that could be added later at any time.
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How did artists sell their work during this period?
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Artists did not have the same degree as they do today and they rarely created work without receiving a commission. Generally, a patron contracted the artists for a specific commission.
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Briefly describe the impact of the Black Death in Europe
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Originating from China, this devastating plague swept across Europe and eliminated between 25 and 50 % of the population in approximately 5 years. THe death toll in the cities was even greater sue to the proximity of populations. It is estimated that as many as 60 % sided. The Black Death also impacted art. It stimulate religious bequests and encouraged those commissioning of devotional images. THe Black death also led to increased construction of hospitals.
