Microbiology pt 2 – Flashcards
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| What are the 2 immunity systems? |
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| 1.cell mediated 2.anti-body medicated(humoral) |
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| What are the cells of Cell mediated immunity? What do they defend against? |
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| -T-cells -defend against infections like tuberculosis, viral and fungal |
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| What does cell-mediated immunity cause? What does it regulate? |
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| -allergic response(poison oak) -graft and tumor rejection -regulation of antibody response |
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| What are the cells of humoral/antibody immunity? |
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| B cells |
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| What does humoral/antibody immunity defend against? |
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| bacteria, toxins, viruses |
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| What is humoral/antibody immunity responible for? |
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| allergies(hay fever) |
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| Immune response may be blank or blank. |
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| natural(innate), acquired(adaptive) |
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| Are natural immunities specific? Are they acquired from a previous exposure? Do they improve after exposure? Have memory? |
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| NO |
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| What are some host defenses in natural immunity? |
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| -skin -natural killer cells -phaygocytosis -inflammation -complement proteins |
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| What is the complement system? |
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| group of 20+ proteins that assist in other defense mechanisms |
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| What are the 2 complement pathways? |
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| -classical(antibody dependent) -alternative(spontaneous) |
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| What is acquired immunity medicated by? |
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| antibodies and T cells |
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| Does acquired immunity have memory? What are the 2 grouos? |
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| -long term memory -passive or active |
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| Are antigens heavy? |
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| yes high molecular weight |
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| What are the cells of the immune system made up of? |
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| leukocytes |
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| What are the four type of leukocytes? |
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| 1.granulocytes 2.lymphocytes 3.monocytes 4.dendritic cells |
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| Where are leukocytes produced? |
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| in the bone marrow |
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| What are some different types of granulocytes? |
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| neutrophils, esinophils, basophils |
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| What are the different lymphocytes? |
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| T-cells, B-cells, natural killer cells |
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| What are monocytes a precursor to? |
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| macrophage |
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| How much % of total lymphocytes does T-cells make up? |
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| 65-80% |
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| Where do T-cells arise? Where do they migrate to mature? |
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| -arise in bone marrow -mature in thymus |
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| What happens to T cells during maturation? |
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| develop receptors(sensitization) that allow them to differentiate |
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| What is another name for T helper cells? |
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| CD4 |
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| What do helper T cells produce? |
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| cytokins that stimulate macrophages, NK cells, dendrite, and other helper T cells |
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| What do some helper T cells do? |
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| turn on B cells so they can make antibodies |
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| What are the 2 types of T cells? |
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| -T heleper -T cytotoxic |
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| What do T cytotoxic cells do? |
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| only t cells that directly attack and kill diseased cells, including cancer |
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| What are two effector functions of T cells? |
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| -delayed hypersensitivity -cytotoxicity(graft rejection) |
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| What are the regulatory functions of Tcells? |
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| -regulates antibody production -cell mediated immunity -suppression of certain immune responses |
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| What are the 2 important functions of B cells? |
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| -differeientate into plasma cells and prdice antibodies -antigen presenting cells |
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| B cells are involved in the BLANK immune response. |
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| humoral |
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| Antibodies are from BLANK cells. |
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| plasma |
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| Do B cells have the capacity to form memory cells? |
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| yes |
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| What are macrophages responsible for? |
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| transporting and processing antigens |
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| What kind of cell is natural killer cells? What do they do? |
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| lymphocyte, nonspecific, kills virus and tumor infected cells |
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| What are the most numerous white blood cell? (60%) |
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| neutrophils(PMN's) |
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| What are PMN's capable of? |
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| phagocytosis |
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| Neutrophils migrate in response to chemotaxis, what is this called? |
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| diapedesis |
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| What is the first line of defense? |
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| neutrophils(PMN's) |
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| Which cells are the key regulators of the immune system? |
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| dentritic cells |
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| What do dentritic cells do? |
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| profesional antigen presenting cell, can activate t and b cells |
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| What are antibodies? |
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| immunoglobins that react specifically with antigen |
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| What are the 5 classes of antibodies? |
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| 1.IgG 2.IgM 3.IgA 4.IgD 5.IgE |
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| What type of bonds bind the chains of antobodies? |
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| disulfide bonds |
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| What are variable antibodies? |
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| highly specific, bonds to antigen |
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| What are constant antibodies? |
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| came configuration f antibody reguardless of antigen |
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| IgG |
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| -predominantly secondary response -only antibody to cross placenta -capable of activating the classical complement pathway |
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| IgM |
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| -primary response -efficient in agglutination(clumping) -10 binding sites -LARGEST -capable of activating the classical complement pathway |
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| IgA |
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| -main in saliva -j chain, secretory component |
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| IgE |
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| -anaphylactic reaction -targets certain parasites |
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| Type I allergic reaction |
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| -anaphylactic reaction -IgE binds to mast cells and basophils |
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| What do mast cells release? |
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| histamine |
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| Is pallor a sign of histimine release? |
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| no, flushing is |
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| Type II allergic reaction |
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| -cytotoxic -complement-mediated lysis -transfusion reactions -IgG |
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| Type III allergic reaction |
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| -immune complex -antibody deposited in tissues -tissue destruction -IgG |
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| Type IV allergic reaction |
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| -delayed -helper T cells -release of cytokins -cell mediated -EX ppd skin test |
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| Are most autoimmune disorders cell or antibody mediated? |
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| antibody mediated |
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| Are most autoimmune disorders genetic? More common in males or females? |
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| yes, females |
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| What are some examples of autoimmune disorders? |
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| -type I diabetes -lupus -scleroderma |
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| What is scleroderma associated with? |
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| raynaud's phenomenon, widening of the PDL |
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| What is the cellular site for protein synthesis? |
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| rough ER |
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| What makes up proteins? |
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| amino acids |
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| What are the smallest units of proteins? |
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| amino acids |
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| What is used to test intermediate sterilization? |
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| mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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| What is the biological marker for sterilization equipment? |
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| bacillus stearothermophilus |
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| What is sodium bicarbonate? |
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| a buffer in saliva |
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| What are mitochondria associated with? |
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| cellular respiration |
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| What are the primary cells of the PDL? |
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| fibroblasts |
