Microbiology Final Test Questions – Flashcards

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Actions of Antibodies
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  • neutralization
  • opsonization
  • precipitation
  • agglutination
  • complement fixation
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Agglutination
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cross-linking of antigens forms larger targets for phagocytes
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Allergic Reactions
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  • mediated by IgE
  • desensitization (allergy shots)
  • anaphalaxis
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Anaphalaxis
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difficulty breathing due to many chemical mediators like histamines being released by the mast cells 

(drop in blood pressure due to over-dialation of vasculature)

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B Cells
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  • responsible for the antibody response and humoral immunity
  • mature in bone marrow
  • carry IgM or IgD on cell surface
  • antigen-presenting B cells can leave circulation, go to lymphoid tissues, and become plasma cells
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Cell Mediated Delayed Hypersensitivity
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  • T cell mediated
  • 2-3 day after contact w antigen
  • involved in tissue transplant rejection and death of cancer cells

Ex: poison ivy/oak/sumac & basis for Tb skin test

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Cholera toxin
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  • also an AB exotoxin
  • activates adenylate cyclase
  • causes hypersecretion of Cl ions and water loss
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Contamination
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microorganisms are present
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Cytolytic/Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity
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  • Destruction of cells either by lysis or toxic mediators
  • IgG or IgM mediated and are directed against cell surface antigens 

Ex: blood transfusions from outside of own blood type

Rh factor and pregnancy

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Eosinophils
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increse in number with allergies and protects against parasitic worms
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Granulocytes
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contain  granules of enzymes

(lysozymes, peroxidases, and digestive enzymes)

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IgA
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  • secreted in mucous membranes, saliva, and breastmilk
  • role in alternative complement activation
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IgD
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  • found on activated Bcells
  • interaction with antigens signals B memory cells to produce antibodies
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IgE
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  • associcated with allergy or hypersensitivity rxns because it binds well to eosinophils
  • Fc regions bind to basophils and mast cells to stimulate release of histamines 
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IgG
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  • most abundant
  • crosses placental membrane
  • involved in opsonization (Fc region)
  • activates classical pathway
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IgM
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  • 2nd most abundant
  • first produced in primary respnse
  • agglutinates antigens (enhance phagocytosis)
  • activates classical pathway
  • sometimes found with IgD on B cells
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Immunodeficiency Diseases
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host's specific immune system is somehow compromised (either B cell or T cell production is limited or completely prevented)

 

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Interferons (INFs)
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produced by virus infected cells

secreted to neighboring cells that are infected

trigger production of antiviral compounds that degrade viral DNA ; inhibit viral replication

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MHC I presentation
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  • antigens originate from infected cell's cytoplasm
  • large molecules are processed into smaller ones
  • small antigens are secreted into MHC I markers on the surface
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MHC II presentation
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  • phagocytoes engulf mocrobes & digest producing small antigenic pieces
  • small pieces bound to MHC II molecules
  • Atigen-MHCII are delivered to cell membranes of the phagocytes
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Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
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  • genes which distinguish self from non-self
  • MHC is known as Human Leukocyte Antigen Complex (HLA)
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Neutralization
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antibodies bind to antigens

(block attachment to host cell receptors)

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Opsonization
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classical path of complement

 (more binding sites for phagocytic receptors)

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Pathogen Associated Molecular Patters

(PAMP)

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conserved molecular structures that occur in patterns

unique to microorganisms; invariant among microorganims of a given class and not produced by the host

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Pattern Recognition Receptors 

(PRR)

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recognize PAMP and are located on the surface of phagocytes
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Serum Sickness Hypersensitivity
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  • immune complexes form and cause serious inflammation response
  • complexes are insoluble and deposit in the kidney and liver (blocks proper circulation)
  • primarily IgG mediated
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T Cells
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  • all T cells mature in thymus gland
  • have surface markers called cluster of differentiation proteins
  • have CD3 proteins associated for antigen reception

 

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Tc Cells
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responsible for cell-mediated immunity

have CD8 proteins which interact with MHC I

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Th Cells
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  • play roles in both humoral (Th2) and cell mediated (Th1) immunity
  • have CD4 proteins which interact with MHC II
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Tumor Necrosis Factors
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  • kill tumors
  • involved in chemotaxis of NK cells to tumor areas
  • may induce fever apotosis
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agranulocytes
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proffessional phagocytes with lysozomes 
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antibodies
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glycoproteins made by plasma cells that react specifically with and bind to antigens
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antigens
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chemicals present on viral/bacterial surfaces that react with antibodies or lymphocytes
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attenuation
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the weakening of the disease-producing ability
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avirulent
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unable to cause disease
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basophils
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  • release histamine and chemicals associated with the hosts inflammation response
  • related in function to mast cells
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chemokines
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  • inflammation response
  • act to attract phagocytes and lymphocytes to locations of infection
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coagulase
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causes fibrinogen in plasma to coagulate

protects staphylococcus aureus from phagocytes

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collagenase
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hydrolyzes collagen in connective tissue
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common source outbreak
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all infections stem from contact with one source of the infection

(food poisoning)

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communicable diseases
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infected host transmits disease to new host
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complement fixation
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alternative path of complement 

(MAC induced cell lysis)

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diptheria toxin
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  • single molecule is sufficient to kill cell: AB exotoxin (B portion binds receptor, A portion has catalytic activity)
  • catalyes ADP-ribolylation of EF-2 (stops protein synthesis; main targets are heart and respiratory tract)
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disease
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a disturbance in the stat of health of a body = Damage to host
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endemic
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disease is always present and infects about the same percentage of the population year after year
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endogenous pyrogens
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cause fever response in host

(some pathogens produce exogenous pyrogens to out compete normal flora)

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epidemic
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disease affects many ppl in a very short time over a wide geographical area
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firbinolysin
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breaks down clots, allowing some bacteria to leave clotted area
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foreign entities
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antigens
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haptens
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small molecules which are not antigenic by themselves
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hematopoietins
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  • produced in bone marrow
  • includes colony stimulation factors
  • direct the differentiation of immature leukocytes and hematopoetic stem cells in bone marrow into what type of leukocyte is most needed
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hypoferremia
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deficiency of iron
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inactivated immunizing agents
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  • killed bacteria/virus bacterial toxins
  • may be further purified in lab
  • may contain inactivated whole agents or subunits (both act as antigen)
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infection
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multiplication of pathogen in or on host
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infestation
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presence of larger parasites, such as worms or arthropds, in or on a host
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interleukins
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  • produced by leukocytes
  • regulate growth and differentiation of the immature leukocytes and hematopoetic stem cells
  • may cause inflammation and fever response
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lactoferrin
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produced by hosts and binds free iron so it is unavailable to microbes
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living attenuated agents
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antigenic

can replicate but are modified to be incapable of causing diesase under normal circumstances

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lymphocytes
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  • specific immune system components
  • circulate through lymphatic system and empty back into the blood stream
  • 2 types (B and T)
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macrophages
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localized pockets found in the tissue

develop from monocytes

have prr to recognize pamp

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membrane-disrupting toxins
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hemolysins

leukocitans

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monocytes
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found cirrculating in blood
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morbidity
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illness and disability due to disease
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mortality
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death due to disease
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neutrophils
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make up most of cirrculating leukocytes
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nosocomial infection
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acquired while in the hospital
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outbreak
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cluster of cases within a brief time period and within a narrow geographical region (can develop into epidemics and pandemics)
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pandemic
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worldwide epidemic
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pathogenicity
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capacity to produce disease
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perforin
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kills target cell by forming a pore through the target cell membrane
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precipitation
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soluble antigens bind and are precipitated as 'immune complexes'
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propagated
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infections stem from a single infected person or carrier who contacts new indiviuals

(SARS)

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pseudomonas aeruginosa
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  • (in burn patients)
  • physical/chemical barriers are down/surpassed
  • organism invades epithelial tissues and can also easily penetrate to the bloodstream
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recombinant vaccines
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  • genetically engineered
  • can have edible vaccines
  • may take several attempts for antigents to be discovered and antibodies made
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sepsis
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presence of bacteria or their toxins in the blood or tissues; does not have to be a pathogen presence
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septic shock
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sepsis with severe hypotension
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septicemia
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blood poisoning associated with persistence of pathogens and/or their toxins in the blood stream
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site specific toxins
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neurotoxins 

enterotoxins

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size of inoculum
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varies for different pathogens

the host immune system will fend off infection- some must survive this in order to cause disease

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sporadic
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occasional case of the disease is observed ans is isolated to specific individuals
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systemic
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spread throughout the body
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type B lymphocyte
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develop into plasma cells

(produce antibodies)

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type t lymphocytes
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respond to specific antigens
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types of vaccinations
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living attenuated agents

inactivated immunizing agents

recombinatnt vaccines

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virulence
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the measure of pathogenicity
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