Flashcards on Test on MicroBiology Exam 2
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| Which of the following genetic elements is transcribed into a single mRNA? |
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| The structural Gene |
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| Which operons are always transcribed unless deactivated? |
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| Repressible Operons |
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| Which operons are never transcribed unless activated? |
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| Inducible Operons |
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| Where on the DNA does a repressor bind? |
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| The operator |
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| What are the products of semiconservative replication for a double-stranded DNA molecule? |
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| Two Double- stranded DNA molecules each w/ 1 parent and 1 daughter strand |
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| Why is DNA replication essential for a cell? |
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| To copy its DNA to pass to an offspring |
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| What is the function of the parental DNA in replication? |
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| Serves as a template for DNA replication |
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| What characteristic of DNA allows two connected DNA polymerases to synthesize both the leading and lagging strands? |
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| It is Flexible |
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| What is the function of the connector proteins? |
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| They link the leading strand DNA polymerase and the lagging strand DNA polymerase together. |
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| Which DNA strand is synthesized continuously? |
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| The Leading strand |
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| Why is the DNA synthesis of the lagging strand considered discontinuous? |
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| The synthesis is moving in the opposite direction from the replication fork. |
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| Transcription produces which RNA? |
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| mRNA, tRNA and rRNA |
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| What makes mRNA from the information stored in a DNA template? |
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| RNA Polymerase |
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| Ribosomes contain which kind of RNA? |
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| rRNA |
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| What RNA is involved in bringing Amino Acids to the ribosomes? |
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| tRNA |
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| Which RNA can be translated into a protein? |
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| mRNA |
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| What is the inducer molecule in the lac operon? |
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| Allolactose |
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| With which genetic region does the repressor protein interact? |
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| The operator region |
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| When the cell is not in the presence of lactose, the repressor proteins bind to what? |
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| the Operator |
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| What is the basic function of the lac operon? |
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| To code for enzymes involved in catabolizing lactose. |
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| In the Lac operon, what genetic element does the RNA polymerase bind? |
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| The promoter |
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| _______; The transmission from Parent to Offspring that occurs during cell division? |
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| Vertical Gene Transmission |
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| What was found in Griffith's experiment? |
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| DNA released from dead bacteria entered live bacteria and changed them genetically. |
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| Deleting or inserting one nucleotide pair in the middle of a gene is an example of what? |
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| Frameshift Mutation |
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| What glucose is high; cAMP is _____ and CAP _____ bind the lac operator, and RNA polymerase _____ bind the lac operator |
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| Low; Does Not; Does Not |
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| T/F: Bacteria typically contain multiple chromosomes |
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| False |
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| T/F: Mutations that are harmful to cells occur more frequently than those that benefit cells. |
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| True! |
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[image] |
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| D |
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| What are the function of the primers in PCR? |
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| They provide a 3' end for the DNA polymerase |
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| In which direction for DNA polymerase synthesize the new DNA strand? |
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| 5' to 3' |
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| What provides the energy for DNA polymerization in PCR reaction? |
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| DNAase Triphosphates |
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| Why is DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus ideal for PCR? |
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| It can withstand the heat associated with PCR |
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| How do restriction enzymes cut DNA sequences? |
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| They cut at Recognition sites with specific sequences |
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| What attaches the target gene to a desired location? |
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| DNA Ligase |
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| Foreign DNA can be inserted into cells using a variety of different methods. Which method involves the formation of microscopic pores in the cell's membrane? |
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| Electroporation |
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| Self-replicating DNA used to transmit a gene from one organism to another is a |
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| Vector |
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| T/F: The practice of breeding plants and animals for desirable traits, such as high crop yield, is called natural selection. |
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| False |
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| Define: Biotechnology |
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| The use of microorganisms, cells or cell components to make a product |
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| Define: Genetic Engineering |
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| Making microorganisms make chemicals they normally do not make by inserting genes using rDNA |
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| Define: Vector (genetic engineering) |
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| Used to insert genes into a cell's DNA |
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| What kind of vector is needed to insert genes? |
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| Self-replicating |
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| What are the steps to creating a bacterium expressing a gene of your choice? |
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| 1. Choose Gene if interest 2. PCR 3. Insert gene into vector 4. Insert Vector into Bacteria 5. Verify uptake |
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| What are the PCR steps? |
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| 1. DNA melted into two ssDNA 2.Add Forward and Reverse Primers, DNA Polymerase, dNTP, and nucleic acids 3. Primers bind, and DNA polymerase copies 4. Repeat! |
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| What are the two steps you can use to insert a vector into bacteria |
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| Transformation and Electroporation |
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| What process is used if a cell is not competent? |
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| Transformation |
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| Define: Electroporation |
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| Using electricity to make small holes or pores in cells that plasmids can travel into |
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| What are the two methods to make sure vectors were inserted into the DNA? |
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| 1. Grow cells with antibiotic resistant markers on antibiotic plates 2. Blue-White screening |
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| Why is E Coli a bad choice? |
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| Doesn't release proteins, have to break them open and releases LPS and contaminates the proteins. |
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| Define: Sequencing |
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| Determination of the sequences of bases in a piece of DNA (up to the whole genome) |
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| Define: Restriction Enzyme |
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| Recognize short sequences of DNA and cuts them out with sticky ends in the same place. |
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| How large are viruses? |
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| 20-1000nm |
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| What are the basic components of a virus? |
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| D/RNA (never both), Protein coat, specialized structures to transfer D/RNA to other cells |
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| What do viruses need to replicate? |
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| Host cell machinery |
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| Define: Specificity |
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| Infecting certain hosts (and often certain cells within a host) |
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| Specificity is mediated by what? |
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| Receptor/ Attachment sites on the host cell and virus |
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| What is an example os a virus that can move between groups of organisms? |
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| Influenza, (pigs birds and humans) |
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| What are viruses called that only infect bacteria? |
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| Phage/ bacteriophage |
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| Define: VSV |
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| Vesicular Stomatitis |
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| What virus is restricted to the cytoplasm (causing cytopathology) and is a disease of horses cattle and pigs many other wild species and humans? |
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| VSV |
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| What virus is used to "eat" cancer |
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| VSV |
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| Define: Virion |
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| A single complete (full developed) infectious viral particle |
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| Define: Provirus |
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| A virus that is incorporated into the chromosome |
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| Define: Capsid |
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| Coat composed of capsomere proteins |
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| What are the capsomere arrangements that are used to differentiate viruses? |
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| Helical, Polyhederal, Enveloped, Non enveloped, and complex. |
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| Define: Envelope |
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| An additional coat surrounding the capsid |
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| Define: Spikes |
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| Coated with distinctive carbohydrate-protein complexes. |
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| What are the functions of spikes? |
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| Assist in cell adhesion and can also allow viruses to cause blood cell clumping. |
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| Define: In Vitro |
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| "In glass" |
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| To grow viruses what cells can be provided in vitro for growth? |
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| For Animal infecting viruses: fertilized chicken eggs OR HeLa cells, a typical human culture (die after <100 gen.) |
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| All Phage can do a _____ cycle; but only dsDNA can do a _____ cycle. |
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| Lytic; lysogenic |
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| All phages have to do which cycle to transfer to a new host? |
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| Lytic |
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| What are the steps to the Lytic cycle? |
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| 1. Virus attaches 2. Injects DNA 3. Cell produces viral proteins 4. viral components are made into virions 5. Host cell lyses; virions are released. |
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| Which phage is used in the lytic cycle? |
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| T4 phage |
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| What is required for a virus to undergo the lysogenic cycle? |
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| the virus has to have dsDNA |
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| How can viruses be helpful to humans? |
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| Human treatment; phage infection can be used to target bacterial infection. "Cancer eating" |
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| What are the steps to the lysogenic cycle? |
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| 1. Attachment to host 2. Virus D/RNA enters lysogenic cycle 3. Viral D/RNA integrates w/ host chromosome 4. Host cell replicates 5. Viral D/RNA excises from chromosome and goes lytic |
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| Define: Specialized Transduction |
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| When the viral DNA takes a piece of the host chromosome with it. |
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| Define: Prophage |
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| Phage DNA inserted into the host chromosome |
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| What is the difference between lytic and lysogenic cycles? |
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| Lysis cut up host DNA and lyses cell Lysogenic incorporates the phage into host DNA |
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| What are the steps to Animal Virus replication? |
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| 1. Attachment 2. Penetration and uncoating 3. Biosynthesis 4. Maturation 5. Release (budding or cell death) |
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| What steps are the same for Animal virus and phage replication? |
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| Attachment and maturation |
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| Define: Retrovirus |
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| carries one enzyme called reverse transcriptase |
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| What is the function of reverse transcriptase? |
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| Turns RNA into dsDNA |
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| What is the primary treatment against retroviruses? |
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| inhibit reverse transcriptase |
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| Define: Oncovirus |
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| add or activate oncogenes |
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| Define: Oncogene |
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| A gene that when mutated or expressed causes a normal cell to become a tumor cell |
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| What kind of DNA is required to become oncogenic? |
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| dsDNA |
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| Define: Latent |
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| Virus remains in asymptomatic host cell for long periods |
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| Define: Chronic |
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| Disease process occurs over a long period of time |
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| Define: Viroids |
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| Short stretches of naked RNA, don't code for proteins, and reproduce themselves. |
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| Define: Prions |
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| One single type of protein that cause encephalopathies |
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| The accumulation of what cause distinctive lesions in the brain? |
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| Prions |
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| Which is more "dangerous" latent or chronic? |
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| Chronic! (Latent doesn't always have outbursts) |
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| Do Viroids cause human disease? |
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| Nope! Only infect plants |
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| What is the normal prion and function? |
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| PrpC; Roles in sleep physiology and renewal of hematopoietic Stem cell |
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| What is important in the transmissibility of prions? |
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| sequence similarity |
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| What is the treatment of prion diseases? |
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| There is none! |
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| What is the sporadic spongiform encephalitis disease? |
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| CJD |
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| What is the horizontally transmissible spongiform encephalitis diseases? |
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| vCJD, BSE, CWD, Scrapie |
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| Genetically spongiform encephalitis diseases? |
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| Fatal Familial Insomnia Gertsmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome |
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| Define: Taxonomy |
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| Categories of organisms that show the relatedness between them through evolution. |
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| Define: Phylogeny |
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| The study of the evolutionary history of an organism |
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| The placement of an organism in a domain relies on the relatedness of what? |
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| rRNA |
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| Define: Strain |
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| A group of cells derived from a single cell |
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| Define: Serovar |
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| Strains with different antigens and antigenic properties |
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| When do you classify, or identify? |
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| Classification is done the first time something is encountered and ID is done from an already known list of classifications |
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| What are the characteristics and tests done to ID an unknown microorganism? |
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| Morphology, Differential staining, biochemical testing and Dichotomous Key, and oxygen |
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| What is Serology? |
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| Three tests done to that show differentiation based on serum |
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| What are the three tests with serology? |
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| Slide Agglutination, ELISA and Western Blotting |
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| What are the DNA techniques? |
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| Fingerprinting, PCR and Hybridization |
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| How does DNA fingerprinting work? |
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| RE's recognize and cut at specific DNA sequences and the frequency of cut sites to a variety of enzymes are compared |
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| Which ID techniques would you use to find viruses in DNA? |
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| Polymerase Chain reaction |
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| How does Polymerase chain reaction work? |
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| synthesize small fragments of DNA in the LAB using the DNA of organism as a template |
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| What are the steps in Nucleic Acid Hybridization |
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| 1. Heat and separate DNA 2. Add DNA from known organism 3. Determine the level of annealing or binding together |
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| Define: Chemoheterotrophic |
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| Cannot use CO2 to make organic compounds and cannot photosynthesize |
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| What is the study of fungus? |
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| mycology |
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| Characteristics of yeasts |
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| unicellular, divide by budding and facultative anaerobes |
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| Characteristics of molds |
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| Multicellular, extend hyphae, obligate anaerobes |
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| Most of what is visible in molds and fleshy fungi is the body, or... |
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| thallus |
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| The thallus is composed of multiple what? |
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| hyphae |
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| What is the mass of hyphae grown by molds? |
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| Mycelium |
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| What do molds use to produce asexually? |
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| Spores |
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| What are the molds that have lost the ability to reproduce called? |
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| Anamorphs |
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| What are Dimorphic fungi? |
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| Can exist as yeasts or molds |
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| What are fungal infections called? |
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| Mycoses |
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| Fungal Toxin- Aflatozin is produced by which fungus and is found where? |
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| Aspergillus spp. found in soil and on crops, and penut butter |
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| Fungal Toxin- Ergot is produced by which fungus and is found where? |
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| Claviceps pupurea found in rye and causes LSD effects |
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| Define: Cutaneous mycoses |
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| growth on skin nails or hair |
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| Define: Subcutaneous mycoses |
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| below skin to subcutaneous connective tissue and bone tissue. |
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| Define: Systemic mycoses |
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| able to infect internal organs |
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| What is Ergosterol and what effects it? |
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| The fungal cells cholesterol, and antifungal make the membrane less fluid and the contents spill out |
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| What is a Glucan Synthesis Inhibitor? |
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| Glucan is important in the cell wall and block 1,3-beta glucan synthase |
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| Define: Definitive host |
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| harbors parasite as it reaches sexual maturity |
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| Define: Intermediate Host |
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| Required for parasite development |
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| Define: Paratenic Host |
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| only holds parasite until it can be transferred to another host |
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| Define: Reservoir Host |
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| Any animal that harbors a parasit which can be transmitted to a human |
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| Internal Parasites are called what? |
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| Endoparasite |
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| Parasites on the outside of the surface of the host is called what? |
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| Ectoparasite |
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| Define: Coelozoic |
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| Living in hollow organ |
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| Define: histozoic |
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| living in tissues |
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| If a parasite is obligate what does it require? |
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| a host for most of their life |
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| What is it if a parasite is facultative? |
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| Lives without a host unless accidentally introduced |
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| Define: Vectors (microbiology) |
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| Marcoparasites that transmit diseases (mosquito and malaria) |
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| Can occur through ingestion of dormant cysts in contaminated water or food |
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| Giardia lamblia |
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| "brain eating amoeba" |
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| Naegleria fowleri |
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| Caused by transmission from the "kissing bug" |
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| American typanosomiasis |
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| Platyhelminthes, absorb nutrients through their non-living outer cover called what? |
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| cuticle |
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| A Head equipped with suckers and hooks for attachment |
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| Scolex |
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| Containing male and female organs |
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| monoecious |
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| Male and Female are seperate |
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| dioecious |
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| These hemiliths live their whole lives in human hosts |
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| pinworms |
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| Proteins which promote gene transcription |
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| Inducer proteins |
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| Proteins which decrease gene transcription |
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| Repressor proteins |
