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Zaccharias and Hans Janssen (a father-and-son team)

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they produced a compound microscope consisting of a simple tube with lenses at each end.

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Anthony van Leeuwenhock

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The Father of Microbiology

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animalcules (little animals)

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Leeuwenhoek was able to see small life forms that he called

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light microscopes

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uses visible light to illuminate, and optical lenses to observe, enlarge images of specimens.

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Joseph Lister

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He was the first physician to introduce the use of aseptic technique

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Louis Pasteur

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he proved that fermentation is caused by microorganisms; introduced pasteurization, developed anthrax vaccine for animals, completed the experiment that showed that spontaneous generation does not occur

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Robert Koch

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Identified causative agent of tuberculosis, described his postulates

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Dissection microscopes and Stereomicroscopes

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it is designed for observing larger objects such as insects, worms, plants, or any objects that may have to be dissected for further observation

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Bright-field microscopes

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a type of compound microscope that can be used to examine small specimens and some of their details. It exhibits a background brighter than the observed specimen and is dependent on altering the light path (refraction) only.

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Dark-field microscopes

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unfixed, unstained specimens such as living organisms (i.e., bacteria) can be observed with

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Phase-contrast microscopes

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is done with a contrast-enhancing optical instrument that can be used for a wide variety of applications. It produces high-contrast images of transparent specimens such as living plant and animal cells, microorganisms, and thin tissue, and more

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Fluorescence Microscopes

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this microscope is used to visualize specimens that contain natural fluorescent substances such as chlorophyll or those stained with fluorescent dye such as fluorescein, auramine, or rhodamine B.

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Confocal Microscopes

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creates sharper images of specimens that would appear blurred

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Electron Microscopes

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use beams of electrons rather than light as the source of energy to visualize specimens.

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Transmission Electron Microscopes

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in this microscope, the electron beams travels through an ultrathin sectioned specimen and provides a two-dimensional image of the cell or other object.

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Scanning Electron Microscopes

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provides images of high resolution, It does not require ultrathin sections

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ambiogenesis

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the development of living organisms from nonliving matter

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Sterilization

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kills all microorganisms including their endospores

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Pasteurization

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does not kill all microorganisms, but reduces the number of viable organisms so they are less likely to cause spoilage or disease

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Edward Jenner

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he proved that immunity against smallpox could be achieved through vaccination

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Koch's Postulates

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the microbe must be present in every animal with the disease, the microbe can be isolated and grown in pure culture, the cultured microorganism must cause the same disease in inoculated animals, and the same microorganism must then be isolated from the inoculated animal.

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phylogeny

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the evolutionary relationship between organisms

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domains

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the highest taxonomic rank or an organism; bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

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The correct order of the taxonomic category

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domains, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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prokaryotes

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the cells without membrane-bound organelles and without a nucleus (bacteria and archaea)

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eukaryotes

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the cells with membrane-bound organelles and with a nucleus

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pathogenic (disease-causing) bacteria

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occurring in soil and water, in animal digestive tracts and skin, as well as in many other environments.

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archaea

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are group of single-celled microorganisms, similar to bacteria because they are also prokaryotes, but evolutionarily different.

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Anthony van Leeunwenhoek

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the first to observe live bacteria and protazoans

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Eukaryotes microorganisms

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algae, fungi, and protazoans

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Algae

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are a large group of simple organisms, ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms, contains chlorophyll that is needed for photosynthesis, common in aquatic bodies and all types of soil.

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Fungi

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heterotrophic single-celled, multinucleated, or multi cellular organism including yeast, molds, and mushrooms, which are not microbes.

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Protazoans

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are colorless, mobile organisms feeding on other organisms for their energy source, it is unicellular, eukaryotic, usually chemoheterotrophic organisms that live in environments with an ample water supply.

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Viruses

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are noncellular, submicroscopic particles (visible only by electron microscopy) and consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.

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Prions

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are not cellular organisms, nor are they viruses, they lack nucleic acids; they are normal proteins of animal tissue that can misfold during protein synthesis and become infectious.

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Viroids

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a single-strand RNA molecule, lacking capsid, they are plant pathogens that can cause serious economic problems.

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Taxonomy

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the forming system of organizing, classifying, and naming of living organisms.

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Microbial ecology

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the study of the interrelationship between microbes and their environment.

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Bergey's Manuel of Systematic Bacteriology

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the taxonomic resource for bacteria.

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Genus

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a group of species closely related in structure and evolutionary origin; the level of grouping falls between family and species. It forms part of the name of an organism according to the Linnaean system.

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Foodborne illness

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transmission generally involves pathogens in or on foods that are incompletely cooked, poorly processed under unsanitary conditions, hot refrigerated, or poorly refrigerated.

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Endospores

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a dormant, tough, nonproductive structure that some bacteria can produce in response to unfavorable environment conditions.

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Commensalism

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a term used to describe a symbiotic relationship in which one of the organisms benefits and the other is neither harmed or helped.

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Classification

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the assignment of organisms into taxa on the bases of similarities.

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Bioremediation

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any process that uses microorganisms or their enzymes to return the environment altered by contaminants to its original condition.

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Biofilms

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microorganisms organized into complex communities of different organisms, growing on a surface.

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Binomial

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consisting of or relating to two names or terms.

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Bacteria

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a large group of unicellular , prokaryotic organism.

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Aseptic

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free of microorganisms; also, using methods to protect against pathogenic microorganisms.

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Stromatolites

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masses of cells or microbial mats made up of fossilized photosynthetic prokaryotes.

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Synergism

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the effect produced in a relationship in which two chemicals or organisms work together to produce an effect greater than could have been achieved individually.

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Species

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a biological taxonomic grouping below genus in which all organisms bear close resemblance to each other in essential features and sexually can produce fertile progeny.

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Parasitism

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a symbolic relationship wherein one organism benefits and the other is harmed.

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Foodbornes diseases

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E-coli, Shigellosis, Samonelloses, Gastroenteritis

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Alexander Fleming

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he made the discovery of the penicillin-producing mold Penicillium and stared the successful search for other antibiotic-producing microorganisms.

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Mumps

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Swelling of parotid glands, fever, headache, generalized muscle aches.

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Influenza

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fever, chills, headache, muscle aches

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Tuberculosis

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range from asymptomatic to fever, cough, fatigue, lack of appetite, weight loss, pulmonary hemorrhage.

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Legionellosis

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atypical pneumonia, fever, cough, difficulty in breathing, chest pain. Aerosols from humidifiers, air conditioning equipment.

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Psittacosis

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headache, fever, nonproductive cough, occasional septicemia.

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Airborne Diseases

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Influenza, TB, Legionellosis, Psitacosis, Common cold, Mumps

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Waterborne Diseases

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Cholera, Hepatitis, Dysentery, Leptospirosis, Shigellosis, Typhoid fever, Gastroenteritis, Giardiasis.

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Pathogens

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an infectious agent, capable of causing disease.

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Common Cold

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slight fever, headache, sore throat, coughing,sneezing, nasal discharge.

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Mutualism

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a symbolic relationship in which both organisms benefit.

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Nomenclature

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deals with the rules for naming organisms.

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Normal Flora

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microorganisms that are usually found at given anatomical sites in a healthy human body without causing infection or disease.

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Mutualism, Commensalism, Synergism, and Parasitism

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ecological interactions between organisms in a community, they are classified according to the degree of benefit or harm they pose to one another.

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Nutrient cycling in nature that requires microorganisms

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nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus

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Where biofilms are found

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on a variety of surfaces such as medical devices, industrial water system piping, natural aquatic systems, foods, and also on living tissue.

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Infectious Diseases

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may be transmitted by direct or indirect contact and can be acute, subacute, or chronic. Within communities they can be epidemic, pandemic, endemic, or sporadic.

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Applied microbiology

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is the human use of microorganisms to improve certain aspects of life.

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Bioconversion

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microorganisms can convert biomass such as organic matter and human, agricultural, and industrial wastewater into alternative fuels, including ethanol, methane, and hydrogen.

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Microbial Forensics

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is a relatively new field applied to solving bioterrorism cases, medical negligence, and outbreaks of food-borne diseases.

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