Microbiology A human perspective 7th edition – Flashcards
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The science of Microbiology was born in what year?
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1674
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Francesco Redi did what?
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Demonstrated that spontaneous generation can't work by placing cheese cloth over a meat jar and preventing fly eggs from getting there
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John Needham did what?
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Produced results that went against what Redi said and "made" spontaneous generation happen
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Father Spallanzani did what?
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Contradicted Needham's results
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Louis Pasteur did what?
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Proved that there were microorganisms in air, also explained that spontaneous generation cannot work by using a swan-necked flask
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John Tyndall did what?
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Explained how bacteria could still be in a broth that was sterilized with heat (heat-resistant microbes in hay)
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Biodegradation does what?
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Hasten the decay of pollutants, clean up oil spills
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Bacteria can make what?
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Oil, diapers, antibiotics, insecticides
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Pathogens do what?
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Cause disease
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Why might gauze masks not protect against the flu?
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It is too porous and would let the bacteria "sail on through" the mask
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The Golden Age of Microbiology was born when?
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When the theory of spontaneous generation died
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Helicobacter pylori can cause what?
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Ulcers
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Beneficial microbes can be called what?
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Normal flora/microbiota
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This amount of all microbial species can be studied and grown:
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less than 1%
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All living organisms can be classified as:
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Bacteria, Archaea, Eucarya
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Bacteria reproduce by what process?
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Binary fission
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Eukaryotes "true nucleus" have what?
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A cell wall, a membrane-bound nucleus
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Prokaryotes "prenucleus" have what?
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no cell wall, no membrane bound nucleus, DNA in nucleoid form
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Archaea are special how?
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lack peptidoglycan layer, many are extremophiles
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Algae are special how?
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may be single-celled or multicellular, are photosynthetic
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Fungi are special how?
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may be single-celled or multicellular
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Protozoa are special how?
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they are the most motile, no rigid cell wall, complex, ingest organic compounds
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How do you name something with the Binomial System of Nomenclature?
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Genus (capitalized) then species (not capitalized)
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Viruses, viroids, and prions are not what?
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Alive
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Viruss are strictly what kind of parasite?
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obligate intracellular parasites
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Viroids are known to only affect what?
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plants
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Viroids are what?
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a single short piece of RNA
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Prions are what?
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misfolded, infectious proteins
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Prions cause neurodegenerative diseases in what?
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humans and animals
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A bacteria the size of 1um has an advantage over a .1um and 10um bacteria why?
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It's big enough where it won't be the easiest to kill, while still maintaining a competitive advantage for getting nutrients.
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surface area is what equation?
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(4nr^2)
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Volume is what equation?
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(4/3 nr^3)
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As cells get larger, the proportion of surface area does what?
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decreases
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How does the naming order go?
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Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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Phenotypic (physical) characteristics include what methods?
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Microscopic morphology, culture characteristics, metabolic capabilities, serology, fatty acid analysis
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Genotypic (gene) characteristics include what methods?
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detecting specific nucleotide sequences, sequencing rRNA genes, biochemical typing, serological (study of fluids or "serum"), molecular typing, phage typing, antibiograms
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2 um is what size in mm, m, and nm?
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.002mm, .00002m, and 2000nm
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light microscopes can magnify how many times?
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1500x
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Electron microscopes can magnify more than how many times?
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100,000x
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Atomic force microscopes can do what?
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show atoms
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the two lenses in brightfield microscopes are called what?
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objective and ocular
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Resolution is defined as what?
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the ability to distinguish two objects that are very close together
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what determines how easily cells can be seen?
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contrast!
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Dark field microscopes do what?
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direct light toward the specimen at an angle
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Phase-Contrast Microscopes do what?
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special optics amplify the difference between the cells and the medium, makes them look darker and more dense
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Differential interference contrast microscopes do what?
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separates light into two beams that pass through the specimen and recombine making it look 3-dimensional
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Fluoresence Microscopes do what?
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view "glowing" bacteria that are tagged with fluorescent dyes
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Scanning laser microscopes do what
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use lasers to view everything in the cells, which may have been tagged with fluorescent dye
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What are the two kinds of electron microscopes?
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Transmission, and Scanning electron microscopes
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Transmission electron microscopes can do what?
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view the inside of the cell
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Scanning electron microscopes do what?
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scan the surface of the cells making a 3-D effect
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Atomic Force Microscopes are special because:
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they have better resolution than EMs
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What are 2 kinds of differential stains?
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Gram stains, and acid stains
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what are 3 kinds of special stains?
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Capsule stains, endospore stains, and flagella stains
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two most common shapes of bacteria are:
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Coccus, and rod
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what are the shapes of bacteria?
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coccus, rod, vibrio, spirillum, spirochete, and pleomorphic
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diplococcus look like what
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2 dots
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streptococcus look like what?
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a strip
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sarcina look like what?
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packets of 4
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staphylococcus look like what?
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grape clusters
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the "head" of a phospholipid bilayer is what?
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hydrophilic
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the "tails" of a phospholipid bilayer is what?
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hydrophobic
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if a bacteria was a hyperthermophile, how would it's membrane be in regards to being saturated or unsaturated?
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it would be saturated (think butter)
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What are the major functions of the cell membrane?
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permeability barrier, protein anchor, energy transformation
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which molecules can pass freely through the bilayer?
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O2, CO2, N2, and H20
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what is hypotonic?
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there is more solution inside the cell so it blows up
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what is hypertonic?
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there is less solution inside the cell so it shrivels
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What is the proton motive force?
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a gradient of negative charges inside the cell versus the positive charges outside the cell, thus slightly propelling it
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what is facilitated diffusion?
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a form of passive transport going down the concentration gradient
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what is active transport?
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movement of molecules against the gradient
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what is group translocation?
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where it chemically alters a compound upon entry of the cell
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what is protein secretion?
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active movement of an RNA molecule outside the cell to be made into proteins to be given back to the cell
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Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of what?
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peptidoglycan
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Gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of what?
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peptidoglycan
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the tetrapeptide chain attaches to which molecule: NAM or NAG?
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NAM
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what is the general structure of an amine?
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NH3
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lipoteichoic acids are in what "Gram" type of cell?
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Gram positive
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What is the periplasm?
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the space between the two membranes on a gram-negative cell
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autolysins break what bonds?
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bonds between the NAM and NAG
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transglycosidase enzymes do what?
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form bonds between the G and M amine
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transpeptidase enzymes do what?
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form peptide links between muramic acid
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does penecillin kill gram positive or gram negative bacteria easier?
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gram positive
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what does lysozyme do to bacteria?
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it eats away the peptidoglycan layer leaving the cell more open to lysis
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glycocalyx means what?
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sugar-shell
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a slime layer or capsule does what?
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protects the cell, and allows it to attach to surfaces
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what is a biofilm?
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a polysaccharide encased community such as plaque on teeth
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Flagella do what?
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spin like propellers and move the cell
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in regards to flagella, what does peritrichous mean?
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all over
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in regards to flagella what does polar mean?
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only at the end(s)
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what are the 3 parts of a flagella?
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filament, hook, basal body
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what is chemotaxis?
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a series of runs and tumbles that a bacteria takes to move
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what is aerotaxis?
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when a bacteria is either drawn to or away from oxygen
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what is magnetotaxis?
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when a bacteria is either drawn to or away from oxygen
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what is thermotaxis?
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when a bacteria is either drawn to or away from heat
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what is phototaxis?
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when a bacteria is either drawn to or away from light
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what are fimbriae?
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like short flagella, used for motility
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some endospores can remain dormant for how long?
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100 years
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endospores function is what?
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survival
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endospores are resistant to what?
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heat, chemicals, boiling water, UV light
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for spores, what happens after it is a spore?
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germination and vegitative cycle
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how long does sporulation take?
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8 hours
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the forespore is what?
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the spore inside the mother cell
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Acid-fast staining detects which kind of bacterium?
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Mycobacterium
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Endospore stain is used to see what kind of bacterium?
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endospores
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generation time is what?
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the time it takes to double
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a "closed system" for growing bacteria means what?
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nutrients are not renewed, and wastes not removed
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"termed batch cultures" means what?
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it yields characteristic growth
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what is an open system?
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continuous growth with nutrients added
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what happens in the "lag" phase?
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the bacteria has to make enzymes to grow in the new medium
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what happens in the "log" phase?
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the bacteria grow exponentially
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what happens in the "stationary" phase of the growth curve?
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bacteria are not producing more, they are just surviving
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what happens in the "death" phase?
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cells die exponentially
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what happens in the phase or prolonged decline?
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cells try to survive off of what the dead cells have left
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psychophiles are what?
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Cold loving bacteria from -5 to 15 degrees Celsius
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what are psychotrophs?
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moderate temperature loving bacteria from 20-30 degrees Celsius
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What are mesophiles?
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normal temperature loving bacteria from 25-45 degrees Celsius
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What are thermophiles?
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warmth-loving bacteria from 45-70 degrees Celsius
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What are hyperthermophiles?
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Heat-loving bacteria from 70-110 degrees Celsius
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what does halotolerant mean?
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bacteria that can stand up to 10% salt content
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what does halophile mean?
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that bacteria requires a high salt content to live
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what is an obligate aerobe?
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a microbe that needs to be in the presence of oxygen to survive
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what is a microaerophile?
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a microbe that needs a little bit of oxygen to survive
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what is an obligate anaerobe?
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a microbe that cannot live in the presence of oxygen
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what is a facultative anaerobe?
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a microbe that grows better in the presence of oxygen, but can grow in either environment
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what is an aerotolerant aerobe?
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a bacteria that is indifferent to the presence of oxygen
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what is a direct cell count?
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total number of living and dead cells
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what cells are counted in viable cell counts?
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cells capable of multiplying
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what does CFU stand for?`
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colony-forming units
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What is turbidity?
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the "cloudiness" of a liquid sample that absorbs or refracts light
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What are 2 methods of direct cell counts?
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microscopic count, and cell-counting instruments
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what are 3 viable cell count methods?
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plate count, membrane filtration, most probable number
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what are 2 ways to determine biomass?
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turbidity and total weight
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how do you detect cell products?
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acid and gas production test, and ATP test
