Microbiology 210 ICC Gavino – Flashcards
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| Cell Theroy |
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| All organisms are composed of cells and new cells only come from preexisting cells |
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| Prokaryotic cell |
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| DNA is not enclosed within a nucleus, does not have organelles enclosed by membranes. |
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| Prokaryotes |
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| Are single celled (unicellular) organisms Ex. Bacteria and Archaea |
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| Eukaryotic cell |
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| DNA is inside a nucleus, has several organelles enclosed within membranes |
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| Eukaryotes |
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| Can be unicellular or multicellular organisms Ex. Protists (protizoa and algea), fungi, bacteria, and animals |
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| 6 Basic Elements cells are build of |
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| Co2, O2, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur |
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| DNA and its 4 nucleotide bases |
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| -deoxyribonucleic acid, is a double stranded molecule made of adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine Hydrogen bonds hold the 2 strands together |
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| RNA and its 4 nucleotide bases |
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| Ribonucleic acid is a single stranded molecule made of adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine, which helpd DNA express traits and helps the ribosomes synthesize protein |
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| Genes |
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| (Made of DNA) controls the traits of organisms, and have instructions for making proteins that are needed to express traits |
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| Genes (DNA) -> assisted by RNAs -> to make protiens -> to show traits |
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| Asexual Reproduction |
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| A parent produces genetically identical clones |
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| Binary Fission |
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| One cell devides in half (Asexual) |
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| sexual reproduction |
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| DNA from parents recombine to produce to genetically diverce offspring Ex gametes or sex cells fused to form a zygote |
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| Theory of Evolution |
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| Suvival of the fittest |
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| Photoautotrophs |
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| use carbon dioxide as main source of carbon and solar energy to make their own food the process of photosynthesis Ex cytanobacteria, algea and plants |
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| Heterotrophs |
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| require different sources of organic carbon from food or organic nutrients |
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| the scientific method |
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| 1. observations and curiosity 2. hypothesis 3. experiment 4. data analysis 5. conclusion |
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| Louis Pasteur |
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| - formed the basis of aseptic techniques - fermentation - pasteurization - disapproved spontaneous generation |
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| Robert koch |
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| -germ theory of disease - pure cultures - Microbacterium taburculosis - vibro cholera |
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| Joseph Lister |
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| Aseptic surgery |
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| Paul Ehrlich |
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| -theory of immunity - syphilis |
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| Alexander Fleming |
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| - penicillin |
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| James Watson and Francis Crick |
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| DNA structure |
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| Carlos Woese |
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| three domain system of classification based on ribosomal DNA |
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| Robert Hook |
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| first observation of cells |
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| Christian Gram |
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| Gram staining procedure |
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| Antoni van Leeuwenhoek |
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| first observation of live microorganisms |
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| Dimitri Iwanowski |
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| observed the first virus |
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| Edward Jenner |
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| first vaccine |
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| how do microorganisms contribute to our lives |
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| - recycle - sewage treatment - bioremediation - genetic engineering - biotechnology |
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| What microbes recycle vital element and how? |
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| bacteria and fungi decompose are we algae and cyanobacteria produce o2 and carbon dioxide |
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| What microbes contributes to sewage treatment and how? |
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| Bacteria, to recycle H20 |
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| Bioremediation |
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| uses bacteria to degrade or detoxify pollutants in our environment such as oil spills and mercury |
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| Biotechnology (how are microbes used) |
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| uses microbes to make food and chemicals |
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| Genetic engineering (how are microbes used) |
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| uses microbes to produce vaccines and enzymes (proteins) |
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| Normal Microbiota |
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| microbes that normally grow on the surface or inside our body without causing disease (symbiosis) |
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| Page 3 C dash 2!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1 |
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| How are organisms grouped? |
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| According to their characteristics |
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| Taxonomy |
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| the science of classifying organisms; to give universal names; to identify newly discovered organisms; to understand how organisms are related |
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| Cell types that distinguish an organism |
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| -Prokaryote cell -Eukaryote cell |
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| Domain Bacteria |
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| unicellular prokaryote; cell wall has peptidoglycan |
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| Domain Archaea |
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| unicellular prokaryote; no peptidoglycan in cell wall; lives in extreme environments |
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| Hperthermophile |
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| Class of archaea; like very hot places |
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| Methanogens |
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| Class of archaea; like methane gas |
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| Halophile |
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| Class of archaea; like very salty places |
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| Domain Eukarya |
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| Can be unicellular or multicellular organisms Ex. Protists (protizoa and algea), fungi, bacteria, and animals |
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| Taxonomic Hierarchy |
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| domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
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| Binomial How is it written? |
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| Two names that every organism is assigned; the genus and specific epithet (species) -Both names are printed underlined or italicized |
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| What is a Eukaryotic species? |
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| a group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves |
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| Genus |
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| Is always a noun and is capitalized -consists of species that differ from each other in certain ways but are related by descent |
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| Specific epithet (species) |
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| Is usually an adjective and lowercase |
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| Family |
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| consists of related genera |
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| Order |
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| group of similar families |
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| Class |
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| a group of similar orders |
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| Phylum |
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| Related classes |
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| Kingdom |
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| All related phyla |
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| Domain |
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| All related Kingdoms |
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| Prokaryotic species |
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| a population of cells with similar characteristics |
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| Clone |
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| pure culture -a population of cells derived from a single parent cell |
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| Strain (how are they identified) |
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| is when pure cultures of the same species are not genetically identical -identified by numbers letters, or names that follow the specific epithet |
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| Viral species |
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| population of viruses with similar characteristic (enzymes, genes, morphology) that occupy the same ecological niche (host). |
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| Morphology |
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| based structural characteristics- shapes, size and arrangement of cells; used to identify eukaryotes because they are bigger than prokaryotes |
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| Differential Staining |
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| Use dyes to identify bacteria based on their cell wall composition ex gram positive or gram negative, acid fast stain |
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| Biochemical Tests |
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| the presence of various enzymes (proteins) is used to differentiate bacteria |
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| Serology |
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| tests the reaction of a microorganism (antigenic) with specific antibody (proteins)that is produced by an animals immune system |
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| Phage Typing |
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| determines which phages (bacteriophages- bacterial viruses that usually cause lysis of the bacterial cell they infect) a bacterium is susceptible to. |
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| Fatty Acid Profiles |
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| bacterial species can be identified based on the kinds of fatty acids the produce |
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| Flow Cytometry |
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| tests the electrical conductivity of bacterial cells using lasers or light |
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| DNA Base Composition |
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| the percentage of guanine and cytosine nucleotides of DNA can be used to classify organisms |
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| DNA Fingerprinting |
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| an individual displays its unique DNA pattern based on its sequence---first the DNA is cut into fragments using restriction enzymes' then the different-sized fragments show a unique pattern on a agarose gel |
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| Polymerase Chain Reaction |
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| makes many copies of a piece of DNA in order to identify species or strains this amplified piece of DNA may be a unique DNA sequence or gene |
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| Ribosomal RNA Sequencing |
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| all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain ribonucleic acids and ribosomes; the order of nucleotides of the RNA found in ribosomes is unique for a species |
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| Nucleic Acid (DNA)Sequencing |
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| test the relatedness of individuals based on similarity of their DNA sequence; single strands of DNA from closely related organisms will bind (hydrogen boding between complementary bases) and form a double-stranded molecule |
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| Protozoa |
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| unicellular, eukaryotic organisms |
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| Characteristics of Protozoa 1.Reproduction 2.Encystment 3.Nutrion |
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| 1. asexually; fission, budding, schizogony (multiple budding) sexual; conjugation 2. Under certain adverse conditions some protozoa produce a cyst 3. Mostly aerobic heterotrophs intestinal protozoa are capable of anaerobic growth -all need large supply of H2O |
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| Trophozoite |
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| the vegetative form of protozoa that fee and grow |
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| During Sexual Reproduction of Protozoa the DNA from the parents recombine to produce what? |
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| Daughter Cells |
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| Domain; Eukarya, Kingdom; Protozoa, Phylum; Ciliophora, Amoebozoa, Apicomplexa, Archaezoa, Euglenazoa |
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| Domain Eukarya; Kingdom Protozoa; Phylum Ciliophora... |
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| move and fee by means of cilia ex. Balantidium coli |
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| Balantidium coli Disease- Source- Phylum- |
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| -dysentery -Feces in drinking water - Ciliophora |
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| Domain Eukarya; Kingdom Protozoa; Phylum Amoebozoa.... |
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| move and feed by means of Pseudopods (false feet) ex. Entamoeba histolytica ex. Balamuthia |
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| Entamoeba histolytica Disease- Source- Phylum- |
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| -Amoebic Dysentery -Feces in drinking water -Amoebozoa |
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| Balamuthia Disease- Source- Phylum- |
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| -Encephalitis -Water -Amoebozoa |
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| Domain Eukarya; Kingdom Protozoa; Phylum Apicomplexa... |
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| not motile; special organelles penetrate host tissue -Obligate intracellular parasites -Complex life cycles (different hosts) ex. Plasmodium vivax ex. Cryptosporidium ex. Toxoplasma gondii |
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| Obligate intracellular parasites |
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| parasites that can only grow inside living host cells |
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| Plasmodium vivax Disease- Source- Phylum- |
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| -Malaria -bite of a female anopheles mosquito -Apicomplexa |
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| Cryptosporidium Disease- Source- Phylum- |
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| -Diarrhea -Humans, animals, H2O -Apicomplexa |
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| Toxoplasma gondii Disease- Source- Phylum- |
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| -Toxoplasmosis -Cats -Congenital disease passed from mother to fetus and affects blood and lymph vessels -Apicomplexa |
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| Domain Eukarya; Kingdom Protozoa; Phylum Archaezoa... |
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| moves by flagella, lives in digestive tract of animals |
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| Trichomonas vaginalis -Disease -Source -Phylum |
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| -Vaginitis -Urethra -Archaezoa |
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| Giardia lamblia (cysts) -Disease -Source -Phylum |
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| -Diarrhea -feces in drinking water -Archaezoa |
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| Domain Eukarya, Kingdome Protozoa, Phylum Euglenazoa |
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| Moves by flagella; does not sexually reproduce |
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| Tripanosoma brucei gambiense -Disease -Source -Phylum |
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| -African Sleeping Sickness -Bite of Tsetse Fly -Euglenazoa |
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| Algae -Domain -Kingdome |
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| -Prokaryote -Algae |
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| Algae -What are their environment-Primary producers in what? |
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| -Most algae live in aquatic or moist environments - aquatic food chains |
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| Dinoflagellate algae blooms-Disease -Source -Kingdom |
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| (Red tide) Produce neurotoxins that cause -Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning -contaminated Clams and mussels -Algae |
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| Phytophthora infestans -Disease -Source -Kingdome |
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| -Irish Potato Blight (caused the famine in Ireland in 1840) -Potato -Algae |
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| Some diverse vegetative structures of Algae? |
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| -Unicellular ex diatoms and scenedesmus -Filamentous ex. spiragyra -colonial ex. volvox -Multicellular have "body parts" |
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| What are the Multicellular Algae's 5 "body parts"? |
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| Thallus-body Holdfasts-roots stipes-stems pneumatocytes- used to float blades- leaves |
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| Algae's Life cycle Sexually- Asexually- |
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| -some reproduce sexually, some alternate generations -all reproduce asexually ex. cell division (unicellular) ex fragmentation (filamentous, multicellular) |
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| Algae Nutrition |
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| -Photoautotrophic -Store their food as carbs, starch, glucose polymer and petroleum |
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| Photoautotrophic |
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| use carbon dioxide as main source of carbon and solar energy to make their own food |
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| Fungi |
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| -unicellular, ex. yeasts -multicellular, ex. molds and mushrooms -eukaryotic -Chemoheterotrophic -Reproduce by making spores |
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| Saprophytic |
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| - feed on dead matter ex. most fungi |
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| How are fungi grouped |
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| based on their sexual sprores |
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| Are fungi parasitic? |
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| Very few of plants and animals |
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| What type of environments do fungi like? |
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| acidic environments PH5 |
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| Mycology |
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| the study of fungi |
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| Yeasts |
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| -Unicellular -Facultative anaerobe -reproduce asexually |
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| Facultative anaerobe |
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| Can live with or without O2 |
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| 3 ways yeasts can reproduce asexually |
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| Fission Budding Pseudohyphae |
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| Buds of yeast are called? |
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| Blastospores |
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| Blastospore |
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| is an asexual spore |
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| How do yeasts reproduce sexually? |
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| by fusing two nuclei and forming ascospores that are enclosed inside an ascus |
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| Ascospores |
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| Sexual spore inside an ascus - grouped in Phylum Ascomycota ex yeasts |
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| Ascus |
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| Sac that surrounds spores |
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| Molds |
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| -multicellular fungus -aerobic |
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| Hyphae |
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| are long filaments of cells that form a mycelia |
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| Mycelia |
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| a cottony mass that form from hyphae |
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| Septate hyphae |
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| have cross-walls that separate cells |
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| Coenocytic hyphae |
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| don't have cross walls |
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| Vegetateive hyphae |
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| grow on the surface for molds to absorb nutrients |
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| Aerial hyphae |
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| grow upward and usually hold reproductive spores |
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| Molds Asexual Spores |
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| -Sporangiospores -Conidiospores |
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| Sporangiospore |
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| are formed inside a sac called a sporangium -asexual |
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| Conidiospores |
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| are formed as chains of spores not enclosed |
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| Molds Sexual Spores |
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| -zygospore -Ascospores |
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| Zygospore |
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| -large spore enclosed in a thick wall Group in Phylum Zygomycota ex. Plycomyces and Rhizopus |
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| Life Cycle of Fungi |
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| -Dimorphic -Teleomorphic -Anamorphic |
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| Dimorphic fungi |
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| have 2 forms yeast like or mold like |
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| Teleomorphic fungi |
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| produce both asexual and sexual spores |
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| Anamorphic fungi |
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| produce asexual spores |
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| Mycoses |
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| Fungal Diseases |
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| Systemic |
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| deep within the body |
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| Cutaneous |
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| affects skin or hair |
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| Subcutaneous |
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| beneath the skin |
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| Mycotoxicosis |
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| illness due to the toxins produced by fungi ex. Aflatoxin from Aspergillus flavus |
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| Aspergillus Flavus -what does it do -where is it found Fungi |
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| -Produces aflatoxin and is carcinogenic -peanuts and grains that are contaminated by this mold |
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| Opportunistic Pathogen |
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| doesn't ordinarily cause disease but can become pathogenic under certain conditions ex Canidida albicans |
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| Canidida albicans Fungus |
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| can cause a yeast infection |
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| 3 Medically Important Phylums of Fungi |
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| -Zygomycota -Ascomycota -Basidiomycota |
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| Domain Eukaryea, Kingdome Fungi, Phylum Zygomycota |
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| -Zygospores -Sporangiospores -Coenocytic ex. Rhizopus |
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| Domain Eukaryea, Kingdome Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota |
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| -Ascospores -Conidiospores -Septate hyphae ex. Aspergillus flavus ex. Candida albicans ex. Mycosporum ex. Trichophyton |
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| Mycosporum |
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| ringworm under phylum Ascomycota |
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| Trichophyton |
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| athletes food under phylum Ascomycota |
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| Domain Eukaryea, Kingdome Fungi, Phylum Basidiomycota |
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| -Conidiospores -Septated hyphae ex. Cryptococcus neoformans |
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| Cryptococcus neoformans Fungi |
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| -affects the nervous system (meningitis) -systematic mycosis |
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| Virus Structure |
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| -non cellular -contains only DNA or RNA surrounded by protein coat -Obligate intracellular parasite -some have an envelope -some have spikes |
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| Capsomers |
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| are the subunits that make up the protein coat that surrounds virus's genetic material |
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| Virion |
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| Complete virus |
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| Viroid |
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| Infectious RNA other parasite that cause disease |
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| Prion |
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| Infectious protein particle other parasite that cause disease |
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| Virus Morphology |
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| Helical-rod Polyhedral-many sides Enveloped- spherical, variable shape Complex virus- T-even (spaces ship) |
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| Taxonomy -Genus -Species -Subspecies |
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| -______-virus (herpes-virus) -host (human herpes-virus) -strain H1N1, H3N2 |
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| Bacteriophages |
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| virus that infects bacteria |
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| 2 cycles of Bacteriophages |
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| Lytic cycle Lysogenic cycle |
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| Lytic cycle |
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| phage causes lysis and death of a host cell |
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| 5 steps of lytic cycle |
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| -Attachment -Penetration -Biosynthesis -Maturation (virons are complete) -Release |
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| Lysogenic cycle |
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| the prophage is replicated each time the host cell divides |
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| 3 steps fo the Lysogenic cycle |
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| 1. Attachment 2. Penetration 3. Prophage |
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| 3 outcomes of lysogeny |
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| Immunity Phage conversion Specialized transduction |
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| Immunity form lysogeny |
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| the lysogenic bacterial host becomes immune to reinfection by the same bacteriophage |
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| Phage Conversion |
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| the lysogenic host by acquire new genes and traits from the bacteriophage (antibiotic resistant genes can be passed along) |
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| Specialized Transduction |
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| phage can transfer bacterial genes from one cell to another creating a new strain |
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| Multiplication of Animal Viruses (seven steps) |
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| Attachment Penetration Endocytosis Fusion Uncoating Provirus- Virus DNA integrates with Host's DNA Biosynthesis Maturation Release by rupture or budding |
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| Latent infection |
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| remains asymptomatic for long periods |
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| Persistent infections |
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| process occurs over a long period of time |
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| Oncogenic viruses |
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| Provirus DNA integrates into host DNA and can caused uncontrolled cell division (tumor) |
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| Identifying Viruses |
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| Cytopathic effect-compare healthy and infected tissue Serological Test- use antibodies agglutination Nucleic Acid Tests- Polymerase Chain Reaction and DNA fingerprinting |
