Microbiology 204 – Flashcards
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| Basic Structure of Lymphatic System |
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| *One Way *Collects Fluids from tissues and returns to blood *Lymph Vessels *Lymph Nodes |
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| Basic Structure of Genitourinary System |
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| *Urinary Tract - Males and Females *Female Genital Tract (Childhood to postmenopause) *Female Genital Tract (Childbearing Years) *Male Genital Tract |
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| Basic Structure of Cardiovascular System |
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| *Heart -Coverings -Body *Atrium, *Ventricle, *Valves - Arteries - Veins - Capillaries |
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| Defenses associated with the Cardiovascular System |
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| *Lymphocytes - Specific Immunity *Phagocytes - Both specific and non-specific immunity *Few microbes can survive all defenses but a few can |
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| -emia |
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| Disorders having to do with the blood |
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| Closed - Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System |
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| *No access to the external environment •No normal biota •Microorganisms may be present in either system in the absence of disease •In theory, no microorganisms can colonize either the cardiovascular or lymphatic systems |
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| Atherosclerosis |
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| Relationship between bacteria and endothelial injury |
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| Defenses of the Genitourinary System |
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| *Flushing action of urine *Shedding of Epithlial cells *Acidity of urine *Antibacterial proteins in urine -Lysozyme, - Lactoferrin * Secretory Antibodies |
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| Normal Biota of Gastrointestinal Tract |
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| Oral Cavity - Streptococcus, Veillonell, Moraxella, Bacterioides, Actinomyces, Treponema, Candida, Entamoeba, Eikenella, Haemophilus *Upper GI - Sparsley Populated *Lower GI - Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus, Clostridium, Lactobacillus, Escheria, Enterobacter, Candida, Entamoeba, Trichomonas hominis |
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| Normal Biota of Lymphatic System |
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| *None |
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| Normal Biota of Cardiovascular System |
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| *None |
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| Normal biota of Genitourinary Tract |
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| Nonhemolytic - Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Lactobacillus ( Urinary Tract, Male and Female Genital Tract) Lactobacillus but also Candida (childbearing years of female) |
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| Microbes in Nature |
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| *Populations, habitats and communities *Complex Interactions and huge impacts *Pure cultures almost never occur |
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| Microorganisms |
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| *Cannot be seen with a naked eye *most single cell-Unicellular *Some multi-cellular |
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| Microbiology |
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| Foundation of all biological sciences *Evolutionary Importance *Essential Roles |
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| Types of Microbiological studies |
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| *Genetic Engineering *Food Microbiology *Biotechnology *Public Health |
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| Fundamental Unit of life |
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| Cell |
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| Key Structures of Cells |
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| *All Cells -Cell Membrane - Cytoplasm - Nucleus/Nucleoid - Ribosomes *Most Cells - Cell Walls |
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| Gram Negative Cell |
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| *Peptoglycan layer *Cell Membrane *Cytoplasm |
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| Gram Positive Cell |
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| *Outer Membrane *Periplasmic Space *Peptioglycan Layer *Cell Membrane *Cytoplasm |
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| Key Chemical Components of Macromolecules |
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| *Protein *Nucleic Acid *Lipids *Carboydrates |
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| Proteins |
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| *Monimoer is Amino Acid *Bond is Enzymes *Function is Metabolic Reactions |
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| Carbohydrates |
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| *Monomer is sugar *Bond is Glycositic *Function is energy |
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| Nucleic Acids |
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| *Monomer is Sugar, Nucleotides, Phosphate, Nitrogenous based *Bond is Phosphodiester *Function is expression of Genetic Traits |
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| Lipids |
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| Lipids |
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| *Monomer is Fatty Acids - Glycerol *Bond is Fat and Oil *Function is cell storage |
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| Characteristics of life |
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| *Metabolism *Regeneration and Reproduction *Differentiation (some) *Communication *Mobile *Evolution |
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| Metabolism |
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| Nutrients being converted to energy and waste |
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| Regeneration and Reproduction |
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| Repair and make copies of itself |
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| Differentiation |
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| Able to make something new of itself |
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| Communication |
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| Responding to the environment, chemical signals |
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| Mobile |
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| Capable of self propulsion |
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| Evolution |
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| Genetic Change over time |
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| Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic |
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| Differ in size and cell structure. All prokaryotes are microorganisms, but only some eukaryotes are |
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| Prokaryotes |
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| 3.8 Billion Years Old |
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| Anoxic |
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| No Oxygen |
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| Photrophes |
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| Feeding on light |
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| Anaerobic Phototrophic Bacteria |
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| Bacteria feeding on light but no oxygen being made |
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| Cyanobacteria |
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| 2.8 to 3 billion years ago when earth started producing oxygen in the environment. Used to be called blue/green algea |
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| Origin of Microorganisms |
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| *First life forms on Earth *The only inhabitants for over 80% of earth's history *Anoxic atmosphere = Anaerobes |
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| History of Microorganisms |
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| Anaerobic Phototrophs->Cyanobacteria->oxygen_.Multicellular organisms |
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| Robert Hooke |
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| 1665 - Invents the Microscope |
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| Antoni Von Leeuwenhoek |
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| 1684 - Sees bacteria for the first time "wee animalcules" |
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| Microscopes |
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| Unchanged from 1665 to 1815 |
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| Louis Pasteur |
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| 1864 - Refuses spontaneous generation. Developed Pasturization |
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| Joseph Lister |
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| 1867 - Develops Chemical Disinfectant to prevent infections. |
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| Robert Koch |
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| 1876 - Provides definitive proof that there is a link between a microbe and infections disease (Bacillus anthrasis) |
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| Prokaryotes |
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| *No Organelles (Mitochondria) *Nucleoid *Plasmid Common *Small *Chromosones: One-Circular (or a few) no Histones Flagella, Fimbraie, Pili |
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| Eukaryotes |
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| *Organelles *NMucleus *Plasmids Uncommon *Bigger *Chromosones: Many Linear Histones People have 46-23 pairs |
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| Three Domain System - Every living thing lives in one of these three domaines |
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| *Domain Bacteria *Domain Archaea *Domain Eukarya |
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| Eukarya - Crown Species |
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| Animals Fungi Plants |
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| Archaea - Hot Springs - Deep Sea Vents |
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| Hyperthermophiles Extreme Halopiles Metharogens |
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| Bacteria |
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| Everything else |
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| Phylogeny = Phylogenetic tree |
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| *Degree of relatedness between groups of living things *Based on process of evolution *Closely related organisms have similar features because they evolved from a common ancestor |
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| Node |
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| Branch |
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| Endosymbiosis |
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| Eucaryotic cells arose when larger prokaryotic cells engulfed smaller bacterial cells that began to live and reproduce inside the prokaryotic cell rather than being destroyed |
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| Nicrobial Nomenclature |
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| Naming of Microorganisms |
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| Taxonomy |
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| Classifying living things |
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| Identification |
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| Discovering and recording the traits of organisms so they can be named and classified |
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| Hierarchical Classification |
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| Dear King Phillip Came Over for Garlic Spaghitti |
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| Hierarchical Classification |
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| Domain->Kingdom->Phylum->Class->Order->family->Genus->Species |
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| Flagella |
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| Prokaryote Cell - *Polar - one tail *Lophotrichous - Many tails Peritrichous - Like a spider with legs all over Motility |
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| Chemotaxis |
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| Propulsion by chemical |
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| Phototaxis |
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| Propulsion by light |
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| Pili |
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| Mating |
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| Fimbriae |
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| Attachement |
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| Cell Coatings |
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| *Glycocalyx - Slimey |
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| Cell Wall |
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| *Target of some antibiotics -Penicilllin -Lysozyme ----Breaks the glycosidic bonds between NAG and NAM by inserting a wather molecule Natural Defense Cell Lysis |
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| Ribosomes |
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| Made of RNA (rRNA) and protein Characterized by S Units- Prokaryotic=70s |
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| Endospores |
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| *Escape Pod - resistant spore that forms withing the cytoplasm *Dormant stage of bacterial life cycle *Resistant spore that forms within (endo)the cytoplasm *Extreme Longevity *Withstand extremes Ideal for dispersal via wind water animal gut *Germinate Quickly *Only present in some bacteria *Spore formation=sporulation |
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| Vegetative Cell |
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| Sporulating cell develops inside vegetative sell and then breaks off to begin mature spore |
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| S=svedberg units |
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| *Molecular weight *sedimentation rate *non-Linear |
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| Viruses |
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| *Not Cells *Not Alive *Have Genome *Cannot Replicate independently -Obligate intracellular parasites *Extracellular form that allows transmission from host to host |
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| Viruses are classified |
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| *Host *Genome *Structure |
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| Viral Specialists |
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| Infect only related cells eg. Hepatitis to liver |
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| Viral Generalist |
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| Infect various cells |
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| Viral Surface Proteins |
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| match with complimentary proteins on hosts. |
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| Genome |
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| DNA or RNA -Single or double stranded(ssDNA,dsDNA,ssRNA,dsRNA) -Circular or linear -Singulae or multiple |
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| General Features of Virus Replication |
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| *Attachment *Entry *Synthesis *Assembly *Release |
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| Lytic Replication of Virus - t4-bacteriophage |
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| Attachment Entry Synthesis Assembly Release |
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| Lysogenic Replication - Lamda Phage |
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| Attachment Entry Long Lysogenic phase Synthesis Assembly Release |
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| Replication of Animal Viruses |
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| Attachement Entry - Direct, Membrane Fusion, endocytosis Capsules removed via uncoating to release genome |
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| Lysozyme |
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| Used by bacteriophagesfor entry and release |
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| Nucleic acid polymerases |
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| For replication and transcription of viruses with RNA genomes |
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| Neuraminadase |
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| Surface proteins used by some animal viruses for release-a protein associated with some viruses Binds to host cells and allows virus to release. |
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| Enzymes in Viruses |
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| absent in many but some contain enzymes critical to infection and multiplication |
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| Retroviruses |
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| Reverse process -> HIV is a retrovirus as it carries reverse transcriptase |
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| Latent or Proviruses |
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| Latent -No Signs or symptoms or viral activity Provirus- become permanent part of the DNA of hosts WBC's |
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| Direct Penetration |
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| naked virions inject their genomes into host - eg.Poliovirus |
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| Membrane Fusion |
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| fusion of viral envelope and cell membrane dumps capsidinto the cell •E.g. measles, mumps viruses, influenza |
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| Endocytosis |
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| cell engulfs entire virus (naked or enveloped) •E.g., herpesviruses |
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| Nutrition |
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| Process by which chemical substances are acquired from the environment and used in cellular activities |
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| Metabolism |
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| all of the biochemical reactions in a cell |
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| Four Metabolic Classess |
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| * Carbon Source - Organic Compounds = heterotroph - Inorganic Compounds (C02)= autotroph * Energy Source - Light = phototroph - chemical= chemotroph |
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| Chemical + Organic Compounds |
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| Chemoheterotroph |
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| Chemical + Inorganic Compounds |
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| Chemoautotroph |
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| Light + Organic Compounds |
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| Photoheterotroph |
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| Light + Inorganic Compounds |
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| Photoautotroph |
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| Autotroph |
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| Non-Living envioronment C02 |
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| Photoautotroph |
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| Sunlight C02 Photosynthetic organisms such as algae plants and cyanobacteria |
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| Chemoautotroph |
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| Simple Inorganic C02 Only certain bacteria such as methanogens, deep sea vent bacteria |
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| Heterotroph |
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| Other organisms or sunlight Organic |
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| Phototerotroph |
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| Sunlight Organic Purple and green photosynthetic bacteria |
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| Saprobe |
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| Metabolizing the organic matter of dead organisms Organic Fungi, bacteria (decomposers) |
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| Parasite |
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| Utilizing the tissues and fluids of a live host Organic Various Parasites and pathogens, can be bacteria, fungi, protozoa, animals. |
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| Process of Absorption |
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| 1) Walled cell is a barrier 2)Enzymes are transported outside the wall to break down organic debris 3)Enzymes hydrolyze the bonds on nutrients 4)Smaller molecules are transported across the wall into the cytoplasm |
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| Osmosis |
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| Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. |
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| Isotonic |
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| Water concentration is equal inside and outside the cell. Therefore rates of diffusion are equal in both directions |
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| Hypotonic |
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| Net diffusion of water is into the cell, swelling the protoplast and pushes it tightly against the wall. |
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| Hypertonic |
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| Water diffuses out of the cell and shrinks the protoplast away from the cell wall, also known as plasmolysis |
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| Osmotic Pressure on cells without cell wall |
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| Isotonic - equal diffusion Hypotonic - diffusion of water into cell causes it to swell, and it may burst Hypertonic - Water diffusing out of cel causes sell to shrink |
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| Diffusion - Passive |
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| Atoms or molecules move in a gradient from and area of highter density or concentration to an areal of lower density or concentration. Eg. Sugar cube in tea |
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| Active Transport |
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| Energy expended to transport the molecule across the cell membrane |
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| Facilitate Diffusion - Passive |
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| Mediated transport of a bound substance across the concentration gradient Lower concentration gradient |
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| Microbial Growth |
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| Ultimate process in life of cell Population vs size Growth= increase in the number of cells. |
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| Binary Fission |
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| Cell division (cell gets bigger, elongates, forms, septume divides, A sexual reproduction |
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| Generation time |
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| Time required for # of cells to double in population |
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| Exponential growth |
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| # of cells doubles in a given period, unrestricted growth |
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| Logistic Growth |
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| Restricted Growht |
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| Typical Growth Curve ( 4 Phases ) |
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| 1)Lag - Btwn inoculation and growth 2)Exponential - Healthiest reproduction 3)Stationary - Population size levels 4)Death - Population size decreases |
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| How do we measure growth |
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| Batch Culture Coutler Counter Flow Oxtemeter Turbity Tests...... |
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| Psychoropiles Growth |
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| <15degrees eg. Snow Algae |
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| Mesopholiles |
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| Optimum Growth 20-40 degrees C |
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| Thermophiles |
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| Optimum Growth - 45 degrees C |
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| Hypothermophiles |
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| Optimum Growth 80 degrees C |
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| Prokaryotes vs Eukaryote growth optimums |
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| Prokaryotes are able to grow at higher temps than Eukaryotes >65 degrees C |
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| Archaea Growth |
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| >95 Degrees C |
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| PH Indicators |
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| Acidophile - lower pH Most Microbes between 6&8 Alkaliphiles - Higher pH |
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| Water Availability |
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| Osmotic Pressure - Function of moisture as well as concentration of solutes |
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| Halophiles |
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| Have a specific requirment for NaCI (3%) |
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| Extreme Halophiles |
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| Require high levels (15-30%) of NaCI |
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| Halotolerants |
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| Grow best in absence of added salts but can tolerate some |
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| Nonhalophile |
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| Unable to tolerate salts |
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| Obligate Aerobe |
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| Requires 02 - Aerobic respiration - live on skin or in dust |
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| Faculative Aerobe |
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| 02 not required but growth is better with 02 - Aerobic respiration, fermentation - live in large mammalian intestine |
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| Microaerophilic |
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| 02 required but at levels lower than atmospheric - aerobic respiration - lives in lake wather |
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| Aerotolerant Anaerobe |
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| 02 not required and growth is unchanged w/02 present - Fermentation - Upper Respiratory Tract |
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| Obligate Anerobe |
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| Harmful or lethal with 02 - fermentation or anaerobic respiration - sewage sludge digestors, anoxic lake sediments |
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| Metabolism |
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| 1)every cell requires nutrients 2)every cell requires energy. light or breakdown (catabolism) 3)energy stored in ATP 4)Enzymes help cells catabolize nutrients to form building blocks 5)small building blocks, ATP, enzymes help cell construct larger building blocks in anabolic reactions 6)Cells use enzymes and ATP to link blocks together forming macromolecules 7)Cells grow by assembling macromolecules. Ribosomes, membranes, cell walls. 8)cells reproduce when the have doubled in size |
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| Role of ATP |
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| Reactions are coupled via ATP synthesis and Breakdown. Stores E released by catabolic reactions (ATP Synthesis) Releases E to drive anabolic reactions (ATP Breakdown) |
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| Catabolic Reaction |
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| Releases Energy - Break down large molecules |
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| Anabolic Reaction |
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| Require energy Assembles large molecules |
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| Catabolism |
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| Nutrient processing varies - may start with glucose Most Pathways to break down glucose start with glycosis Three major pathways |
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| Aerobic Respiration |
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| Series of reactions that convert glucose to C02. O2 is final electron acceptor, cell recovers sig. amounts of energy - ATP Produced =2-36 |
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| Fermentation |
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| When facultative and aerotolerant anaerobes use only glycolysis, incompletely breakdown glucose in the absence of oxygen -ATP Produced = 2 |
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| Kreb's Cycle |
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| A Carbon energy weel that transfers energy from Acetyl CoA to produce NADH, FADH2, CO2, some ATP |
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| Anaerobic respiration |
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| Same pathways as aerobic respiration, 02 is not final electron acceptor. ATP PRoduced 2-36 |
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| Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphoylation |
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| The final processing mill for electrons and hydrogen ions Major Generator of ATP NADH and FADH2 pass electrons to carriers that pass them along from one molecule to the next |
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| Amphibolism |
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| the property of a system to integrate catabolic and anabolic pathways to improve cell effciency...Occur during glycolysis and the kreb's cycle |
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| Genome |
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| The sum total of genetic material of a cell Mostly in chromosomal sites but can appear in non-chromosomal sites as well In cells - exclusively DNA |
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| Chromosome |
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| A Discrete cellular structure composed of a neatly packed DNA Molecule |
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| Eukaryotic Chromosomes |
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| *DNA Molecule wound around histone *Located in the nucleus *Vary in number few>100's *Can occur in pairs *Linear |
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| Bacterial Chromosomes |
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| *Condensed and secured by means of histone-like proteins *Located in histone *Usually single *Circular |
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| Genes and Gene Expression 3 Stages |
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| Replication Transcription mRNA - Messenger encodes proteins tRNA - Transfer part of protein synthesi rRNA - Ribosomal part of protein synthes Translation - Info in RNA is used to build proteins |
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| Gene tranfer in Prokaryotes |
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| Vertical - organism to offspring Horizontal - Donor to recipient |
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| Genetic Recombination |
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| Contributes to diversity One bacterium donates DNA to another Generally occurs between similar cells with homologous chromosomes |
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| three methods of Genetic Exchange |
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| Transformation Transduction Conjugation |
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| Anti-Microbial Efforts |
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| Disinfection - most, inanimate surfaces Antisepsis - Most, living surfaces Decontamination - most, mechanical an inanimate surfaces Sterilization - all, inanimate surfaces. |
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| - cide |
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| Bactericide, microbicide |
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| - static |
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| Bacteristatic and Microbistatic - use of lower temperatures |
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| Griffith |
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| Transformation theory |
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| Antimicrobial chemotherapy |
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| administer a drug to an infected person, which will kill or inhibit microbial cells without harming the host's cells --> Selective Toxicity Rather Difficult to achieve this goal |
