Microbiology 12 – Flashcards

Large structures (e.g., ribosomes) form spontaneously from their macromolecular components by a process known as __________.

Eukaryotic cells compartmentalize some anabolic and catabolic pathways so that these pathways can be operate ______________.

Cells save energy and materials by using many of the same enzymes for both __________ and __________.

Different proteins have different amino acid __________.

Many enzyme catalyzed reactions are freely reversible; however, some key steps require separate enzymes for the reverse step in order to provide for independent regulation of anabolic and catabolic pathways.

Nongrowing cells continuously degrade and resynthesize cellular molecules during a process known as cellular turnover.

The use of compartmentation for the simultaneous but independent regulation of anabolic and catabolic pathways occurs generally in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes.

Anabolic and catabolic pathways use different cofactors for similar reactions.

In the synthesis of amino acids the addition of the amino nitrogen usually occurs __________ the synthesis of the carbon skeletons.

Although most autotrophic microorganisms fix carbon dioxide using the Calvin-Benson cycle, this pathway is absent in the Archaea.

Photoautotrophs are the only organisms that can incorporate (fix) carbon dioxide into biomolecules.

Because peptidoglycan lies outside the plasma membrane, all steps in the complex synthesis process of this molecule takes place outside the cell.

Nitrogen fixation is used to form ATP, which is then used for energy reserves.

In the biosynthesis of nucleotides, pyrimidines are assembled starting with ribose-5-phosphate while ribose-5-phosphate is added after synthesis of the nitrogenous base for purines.

Unsaturated fatty acids are those containing carbon-carbon ________ bonds.

Bacteria can synthesize unsaturated fatty acids only under anaerobic conditions.

Which of the following is true about the synthesis of macromolecules from monomeric subunits?

Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones with the input of energy is called

There are __________ common amino acids used to synthesize proteins.

Which of the following is a source of carbon skeletons that are used in the synthesis of amino acids?

Assemblies of macromolecules are referred to as __________ complexes.

Microorganisms assimilate large amounts of all of the following except __________ into organic molecules.

The process of carbon dioxide fixation refers to

Which pathway(s) are used by eukaryotic microorganisms to fix carbon dioxide?

Which pathway(s) is used to fix carbon dioxide?

Which of the following is not a phase of the Calvin Cycle?

In order to form a single molecule of glucose, it takes __________ turns through the reactions of the Calvin cycle

Large numbers of small monomeric molecules join together to form large molecules that are known as:

Photoautotrophs use light energy directly for

The photosynthetic production of one molecule of glucose requires __________ molecule(s) of NADPH.

The photosynthetic production of one molecule of glucose requires __________ molecule(s) of ATP.

The series of enzymatic steps that fixes carbon dioxide into carbohydrate is called the ______.

The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors is called

In order to synthesize new peptidoglycan for bacterial cell walls, the existing walls must be partially digested by __________ to provide acceptor ends for the new synthesis.

__________ is the carrier molecule required to transport peptidoglycan subunits to the location where they will be incorporated into the growing bacterial cell wall.

__________ reactions are used to replace TCA cycle intermediates that have been used to provide carbon skeletons for amino acid biosynthesis.

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation can consume up to __________% of the ATP generated by the host plant.

The major reductive amination pathway for incorporation of nitrogen into amino acids initially involves the production of __________ from alpha-ketoglutarate.

Most microorganisms assimilate nitrogen as

The reduction of sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor during anaerobic respiration is called __________ sulfate reduction.

The reduction of sulfate for use in the production of compounds such as cysteine is called __________ sulfate reduction.

Many microbes use pyruvate carboxylase or phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase to

The reduction of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia is called

Nitrogen fixation depends on the enzyme nitrogenase which is produced by some

Phosphorous is usually assimilated by microorganisms as

Which of the following cofactors is very important in the synthesis of purines?

Assimilation of organic phosphates from the surroundings uses enzymes known as

Purines and pyrimidines are precursors for synthesis of

A purine or pyrimidine that is attached to a sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, to which is attached one or more phosphate groups is called a:

A purine or pyrimidine that is attached to a sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, is called a

__________ are cyclic nitrogenous bases with two rings and pronounced aromatic properties.

Which of the following is not generally true about fatty acids produced by microorganisms?

Which of the following do(es) not contribute to the construction of membrane phospholipids?

Unsaturated fatty acids are those containing __________ carbon-carbon double bond(s).

Enzymes catalyze a reaction by

In the TCA cycle, two carbons in the form of __________ are added to oxaloacetate at the start of the cycle.