Microbes Lecture 1a – Flashcards
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Unlock answers"bug" and "germ" |
- used in a manner that emphasizes the disagreeable reputation of microorganisms or microbes |
Microbes |
- in health sciences it is just these disease producing microbes that we are concerned w/ - specifically the treatment and prevention of the diseases they cause BUT <1% and 99% |
How microbes help maintain the balance of nature |
- photosynthetic - food and oxygen-generating that is critical to life on Earth - intestines for digestion; synthesis of some vitamins - food - produce vinegar, sauerkraut, pickles, alcohol, green olives, soy sauce, buttermilk, etc - decompose to give - fix N2 - mutual symbionts - protect against disease (LAB) - genetic engineering |
7 major groups organisms |
- bacteria (primary focus) - archaea - fungi - protozoa - viruses - multicellular animal parasites - algae |
3 domains of organisms |
1. archaea - prokaryotic (cell type) - varies in composition; no peptidoglycan (cell wall) - composed of branched carbon chains attached to glycerol by either linkage (membrane lipids) - methionine (1st a.a. in protein synthesis) - no antibiotic sensitivity - lacking in rRNA loop and common arm of tRNA
2. bacteria - prokaryotic (cell type) - contains peptidoglycan (cell wall) - composed of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by either linkage (membrane lipids) - formylmethionine (1st a.a. in protein synthesis) - antibiotic sensitivity present - rRNA loop and common arm of tRNA present
3. eukarya (eukaryotes) fungi - eukaryotic (cell type) - varies in composition; contains carbohydrates (cell wall) - composed of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by either linkage (membrane lipids) - methionine (1st a.a. in protein synthesis) - no antibiotic sensitivity - lacking in rRNA loop - common arm of tRNA present |
Characteristic differences of the 3 domains of life |
1. archaea - no nuclear envelope - no membrane-enclosed organelles - no peptidoglycan in cell wall - some species are able to grow at temp. >100 d C
2. bacteria - no nuclear envelope - no membrane-enclosed organelles - peptidoglycan in cell wall present - not able to grow at temp. >100 deg celcius
3. eukarya (fungi, plantae, protozoa, algae) - nuclear envelope present - membrane-enclosed organelles present - no peptidoglycan in cell wall - not able to grow at temp. >100 d C |
Archaea |
- no peptidoglycan in cell walls - found in extreme environments but not always - salt pans - hot springs - low pH areas |
Halophiles |
- tolerate or require high salt - colour due to bacteriorhodopsin - a photosynthetic pigment similar to rhodopsin in humans
- type of archae |
Hyperthermophiles |
- are heat loving - yellowstone hot springs ex: pyrodictium tolerates 105 C |
Methanogens |
- produce methane by reducing CO2 (electrons fr. 4 H2) - Nevada hot springs - methanogens are strict anaerobes |
Algae |
- range fr. large multicellular types such as kelp (Ulva) - the large green, red and brown "leafy" things you would see on the sea shore to unicellular such as small, microscopic single cell organisms
- 7 has cellulose in cell walls - abundant in moist/wet areas (produce, symbionts)
* photosynthetic eukaryotes w/a wide variety of shapes and both sexual and asexual reproductive forms * unicellular composed of carbohydrates cell walls or cellulose * produce O2 and carbohydrates utilized by other organisms
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Dinoflagellate |
- unicellular algae - Pfiesteria causes massive fish death along Atlantic coast - also cause illness via toxins - ex: Gymnodinium - fish stop breathing - humans irritates eyes & respiratory system
- ex: Alexandrium & Gonyaulax - produce neurotoxin called saxitoxin
- all of these taxa form "blooms" (red tide) under certain conditions |
Symptoms of Dinoflagellate toxins |
- 10 to 30 mins after ingestion - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and tingling or burning lips, gums, tongue, face, neck, arms, legs and toes - shortness of breath, dry mouth, a choking feeling, confused or slurred speech, and lack of coordination are also possible |
Single-celled Algae |
- Diatoms - unicellular algae
- green algae: Clamydomonas, caulerpa: thallus 1 cell |
Domoic acid |
- first report of neurological disease in Canada in 1987 - neurotoxin - affected people who ate mussels - diarrhea, memory loss |
Brown seaweed |
- for vaginal dilation - others for Kombu or algin - Laminaria japonica |
Red seaweed |
- dulse = edible - porphyra = nori (for sushi) - some source of carrageenan, agar - some poisonous |
Robert Hooke |
- 1655, beginning of cell theory w/ large eukaryotic cells - theory that all living things are composed of cells |
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek |
- 1632-1723 - first to observe smaller cells - 1673 - 1676 discovered bacteria |
The Cell Theory |
- proposed by a german zoologist named Theodore Schwann - states that all living things are made up of cells |
Where do cells come from? (microbes) |
- Francesco Redi (1668) - sealed vs. non-sealed then gauze jars
- John Needham (1745) - heat nutrient fluids, pour, cover - then organisms - reproduction of animalcules
- Lazzaro Spallanzani (1765) - cover, heat, no organisms - criticism: vital force stop by cover and heat
- Lavoisier - showed life needs O2
- Virchow (1858) - biogenesis
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Louise Pasteur (1861) |
- demonstrated that spoilage was not due to spontaneous generation of microbes, but due to contamination by microbes present in the air |
"Origins of life" |
- to regenerate an organism that exists today - to consider the very beginning of life |
Pasteurization |
- Pasteur heated the wine at 56 C for 30mins - killed bacteria but not the yeast - still used today to: - reduce spoilage - increase shelf life - kill potentially harmful bacteria |
Robert Koch 1876 |
- demonstrated the link bet a specific germ and a specific disease
- noticed bacteria in the blood of cattle w/ anthrax - postulated bacteria may be cause of anthrax (cutaneous, GI, respiratory)
- validated the germ theory of disease - established steps to prove certain microbes cause certain diseases - introduced staining techniques for microscopy |
Christian Gram 1877 |
- improved staining techniques - introduced differential staining - more accurate identification of bacteria |
Alexander Flemming 1928 |
- isolated the chemical w/c killed the bacteria: PENICILLIN - named after the fungus: Penicillium chrysogenum |
Bacteria |
- single-celled, no nuclear memb., prokaryotic - enclosed in cell walls composed of carbohydrate and protein called peptidoglycan
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Archaea |
- prokaryotic, no peptidoglycan - found in extreme environments - divided into 3 main gr. - methanogens: produce methane as a waste product fr. respiration - halophiles: salt loving; live in salty environment such as great salt lake and the dead sea - thermophiles: live in hot sulfurous water such as hot springs at yellowstone national park - not known to cause disease in humans
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Fungi |
- eukaryotic; cells have a distinct nucleus containing the cell's genetic material (DNA) - surrounded by nuclear memb. - unicellular or multicellular - multicellular: mushrooms - unicellular: yeasts - can reproduce sexually or asexually |
Gymnodinium |
- dinoflagella toxins: - fish stop breathing - humans irritates eyes ; respiratory system ; |
Spontaneous Generation |
- a hypothetical process in which many scientists believed that some forms of life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter |
Biogenesis |
- claim that living cells can arise only fr. preexisting living cells |
Aseptic techniques |
- prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms w/c are now the standard practice in laboratory and many medical procedures |