Microbes Lecture 1a – Flashcards

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"bug" and "germ"
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- used in a manner that emphasizes the disagreeable reputation of microorganisms or microbes

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Microbes
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- in health sciences it is just these disease producing microbes that we are concerned w/ - specifically the treatment and prevention of the diseases they cause BUT <1% and 99%

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How microbes help maintain the balance of nature
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- photosynthetic

- food and oxygen-generating that is critical to life on Earth

- intestines for digestion; synthesis of some vitamins

- food

- produce vinegar, sauerkraut, pickles, alcohol, green olives, soy sauce, buttermilk, etc

- decompose to give

- fix N2

- mutual symbionts

- protect against disease (LAB)

- genetic engineering

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7 major groups organisms
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- bacteria (primary focus) 

- archaea 

- fungi 

- protozoa

- viruses

- multicellular animal parasites

- algae

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3 domains of organisms
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1. archaea

- prokaryotic (cell type)

- varies in composition; no peptidoglycan (cell wall)

- composed of branched carbon chains attached to glycerol by either linkage (membrane lipids)

- methionine (1st a.a. in protein synthesis)

- no antibiotic sensitivity

- lacking in rRNA loop and common arm of tRNA

 

2. bacteria

- prokaryotic (cell type)

- contains peptidoglycan (cell wall)

- composed of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by either linkage (membrane lipids)

- formylmethionine (1st a.a. in protein synthesis)

- antibiotic sensitivity present

- rRNA loop and common arm of tRNA present

 

3. eukarya (eukaryotes) fungi

- eukaryotic (cell type)

- varies in composition; contains carbohydrates (cell wall)

- composed of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by either linkage (membrane lipids)

- methionine (1st a.a. in protein synthesis)

- no antibiotic sensitivity

- lacking in rRNA loop

- common arm of tRNA present

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Characteristic differences of the 3 domains of life
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1. archaea

- no nuclear envelope

- no membrane-enclosed organelles

- no peptidoglycan in cell wall

- some species are able to grow at temp. >100 d C

 

2. bacteria

- no nuclear envelope

- no membrane-enclosed organelles

- peptidoglycan in cell wall present

- not able to grow at temp. >100 deg celcius

 

3. eukarya (fungi, plantae, protozoa, algae)

- nuclear envelope present

- membrane-enclosed organelles present

- no peptidoglycan in cell wall

- not able to grow at temp. >100 d C

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Archaea
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- no peptidoglycan in cell walls

- found in extreme environments but not always

- salt pans

- hot springs

- low pH areas

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Halophiles
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- tolerate or require high salt

- colour due to bacteriorhodopsin

- a photosynthetic pigment similar to rhodopsin in humans

 

- type of archae

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Hyperthermophiles
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- are heat loving

- yellowstone hot springs ex: pyrodictium tolerates 105 C

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Methanogens
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- produce methane by reducing CO2 (electrons fr. 4 H2)

- Nevada hot springs

- methanogens are strict anaerobes

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Algae
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- range fr. large multicellular types such as kelp (Ulva) - the large green, red and brown "leafy" things you would see on the sea shore to unicellular such as small, microscopic single cell organisms

 

- 7 has cellulose in cell walls

- abundant in moist/wet areas (produce, symbionts)

 

* photosynthetic eukaryotes w/a wide variety of shapes and both sexual and asexual reproductive forms

* unicellular composed of carbohydrates cell walls or cellulose

* produce O2 and carbohydrates utilized by other organisms

 

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Dinoflagellate
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- unicellular algae

- Pfiesteria causes massive fish death along Atlantic coast

- also cause illness via toxins

- ex: Gymnodinium

- fish stop breathing

- humans irritates eyes & respiratory system

 

- ex: Alexandrium & Gonyaulax

- produce neurotoxin called saxitoxin

 

- all of these taxa form "blooms" (red tide) under certain conditions

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Symptoms of Dinoflagellate toxins
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- 10 to 30 mins after ingestion

- nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and tingling or burning lips, gums, tongue, face, neck, arms, legs and toes

- shortness of breath, dry mouth, a choking feeling, confused or slurred speech, and lack of coordination are also possible

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Single-celled Algae
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- Diatoms

- unicellular algae 

 

- green algae: Clamydomonas, caulerpa: thallus 1 cell

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Domoic acid
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- first report of neurological disease in Canada in 1987

- neurotoxin

- affected people who ate mussels

- diarrhea, memory loss

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Brown seaweed
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- for vaginal dilation

- others for Kombu or algin

- Laminaria japonica

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Red seaweed
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- dulse = edible

- porphyra = nori (for sushi)

- some source of carrageenan, agar

- some poisonous

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Robert Hooke
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- 1655, beginning of cell theory w/ large eukaryotic cells

- theory that all living things are composed of cells

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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
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- 1632-1723

- first to observe smaller cells - 1673

- 1676 discovered bacteria

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The Cell Theory
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- proposed by a german zoologist named Theodore Schwann

- states that all living things are made up of cells

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Where do cells come from? (microbes)
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- Francesco Redi (1668)

- sealed vs. non-sealed then gauze jars

 

- John Needham (1745)

- heat nutrient fluids, pour, cover - then organisms

- reproduction of animalcules

 

- Lazzaro Spallanzani (1765)

- cover, heat, no organisms

- criticism: vital force stop by cover and heat

 

- Lavoisier

- showed life needs O2

 

- Virchow (1858)

- biogenesis

 

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Louise Pasteur (1861)
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- demonstrated that spoilage was not due to spontaneous generation of microbes, but due to contamination by microbes present in the air

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"Origins of life"
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- to regenerate an organism that exists today

- to consider the very beginning of life

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Pasteurization
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- Pasteur heated the wine at 56 C for 30mins

- killed bacteria but not the yeast

- still used today to:

- reduce spoilage

- increase shelf life

- kill potentially harmful bacteria

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Robert Koch 1876
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- demonstrated the link bet a specific germ and a specific disease

 

- noticed bacteria in the blood of cattle w/ anthrax - postulated bacteria may be cause of anthrax (cutaneous, GI, respiratory)

 

- validated the germ theory of disease

- established steps to prove certain microbes cause certain diseases

- introduced staining techniques for microscopy

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Christian Gram 1877
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- improved staining techniques

- introduced differential staining - more accurate identification of bacteria

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Alexander Flemming 1928
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- isolated the chemical w/c killed the bacteria: PENICILLIN

- named after the fungus: Penicillium chrysogenum

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Bacteria
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- single-celled, no nuclear memb., prokaryotic

- enclosed in cell walls composed of carbohydrate and protein called peptidoglycan

 

 

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Archaea
answer

 

- prokaryotic, no peptidoglycan

- found in extreme environments


- divided into 3 main gr.

- methanogens: produce methane as a waste product fr. respiration

- halophiles: salt loving; live in salty environment such as great salt lake and the dead sea

- thermophiles: live in hot sulfurous water such as hot springs at yellowstone national park


- not known to cause disease in humans

 

 

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Fungi
answer

 

- eukaryotic; cells have a distinct nucleus containing the cell's genetic material (DNA)

- surrounded by nuclear memb.

- unicellular or multicellular

- multicellular: mushrooms

- unicellular: yeasts

- can reproduce sexually or asexually

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Gymnodinium
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- dinoflagella toxins:

- fish stop breathing

- humans irritates eyes ; respiratory system

;

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Spontaneous Generation
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- a hypothetical process in which many scientists believed that some forms of life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter

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Biogenesis
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- claim that living cells can arise only fr. preexisting living cells
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Aseptic techniques
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- prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms w/c are now the standard practice in laboratory and many medical procedures
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