Microbes – Microbiology Test Questions – Flashcards
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| What are the sub-categories of cellular microbes? |
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| Fungi (yeasts and molds), bacteria (E. Coli), archae (methanogens),and protists (algae) |
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| What are the sub-categories of acellular microbes? |
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| Viruses (protein and nucleic acid), viroids (RNA), virusoids (RNA), and prions (protein) |
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| Approx size of a cell |
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| 10 um |
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| Approx size of a bacteria |
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| 1 um |
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| Approx size of virus |
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| 100 nm-10nm |
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| Commensalism |
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| One organism is affected, the other is not Ex) Stapholylococcus |
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| Parasitism |
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| One benefits at the expense of the other Ex) H1N1 virust particles on a host cell |
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| Mutualism |
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| Both benefit E. Coli in large intestine |
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| Infectious Disease |
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| A disease in which pathogens invade a susceptible host. In the process, the pathogen carries out at least part of its life cycle inside the host. |
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| Infectious |
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| Likely to be transmitted to people, organisms, etc. through the environment |
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| Outbreak |
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| Tthe occurrence of more cases of disease, injury, or other health condition than expected in a given area or among a specific group of persons during a specific period. Usually, the cases are presumed to have a common cause or to be related to one another in some way |
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| Pathogens |
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| Disease causing organisms |
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| Etiology |
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| origin or cause (of disease) |
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| Infection |
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| invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic organisms |
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| Disease |
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| an abnormal state of health, body functions are compromised |
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| Opportunistic pathogen |
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| microorganisms that, given the proper circumstances (e.g immuno-suppression or change of location), can colonize the host and cause disease |
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| Pathology |
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| concerned with the cause, development and effects of disease |
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| Host |
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| organisms that shelters/supports pathogens |
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| Microbiota |
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| community of symbiotic microorganisms |
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| Syndrome |
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| specific group of symptoms that accompanies a disease |
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| Communicable disease |
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| can be transmitted |
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| Contagious disease |
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| easily spread |
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| Portals of entry for an infection or disease |
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| Mucous membranes such as the respiratory tract, skin, and parenteral route |
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| Ways disease and infection can be transmitted |
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| -Direct Contact -Droplet transmission -Indirect contact - |
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| Mediums infections and disease can be found in |
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| Food, water, air |
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| Nationally Notable Infectious Diseases |
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| Anthrax, Giardiasis, Gonorrhea |
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| nosokomos |
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| person who tends the sick |
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| Microorganisms involved in nosokomos |
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| Staphylococcus aureus |
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| Principle site of nosokomos infection |
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| Urinary tract (with catheter use) |
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| Emerging infectious diseases |
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| anthrax, lyme disease, HIV, west nile |
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| Van leeuwenhoek |
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| invented microscope |
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| Louis Pasteur |
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| Fermentation- Demonstrated all fermentation reactions are the result of the activity of yeast and bacteria Pasteurization -disproved spontaneous generation -Swan neck flask |
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| Redi |
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| Jars of meat |
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| Semmelweis |
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| Handwashing |
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| Germ Theory |
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| diseases can be caused microorganisms |
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| Robert Koch |
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| Demonstrates anthrax caused by B. anthracis; develops a set of standardized criteria for determining the causative agent of disease (Koch’s postulates)>>> germ theory of disease |
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| Koch's postulates |
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| Used dead rat w disease, inject into new rat, new rat reproduces disease, microorgamisms are extracted and observed |
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| Characteristics of a prokaryotic cell |
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| -cell wall -plasma membrane -glycocalyx -Fimbriae -Ribosomes -Sex pilus |
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| Characteristics of a Eukaryotic cell |
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| Mitochondria Cytoplasm Ribosomes Nucleus Rough ER |
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| Compare and contrast eukaryotes and prokaryotes (bacteria) |
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| -Bacteria do not of nuclei but eurkaryotes do. -Cilia are absent in all bacteria but present in some eukaryotes -Ribosomes are small in bacteria (70s) while they are bigger in eukaryotes (80s) -Pili are present in some bacteria but absent in all eukaryotes. -Both have flagella |
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| Central Dogma of biology |
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| Replication, Transcription, Translation |
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| Central Dogma of biology |
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| Original DNA, first replication, second replication |
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| How can genetic information flow/move from one bacterium to another? |
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| Transformation Conjugation Transduction |
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| How can genetic information change? |
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| Mutation |
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| Types of mutation |
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| Normal DNA molecule, missense mutation, and nonsense mutation, frameshift mutation |
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| Polymerase Chain Reaction |
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| makes particular copies of DNA... can be used as diagnostic tool |
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| Describe the characteristics of a pathogen that make it a high-risk for bioterrorism. |
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| -Low infective dose (ie, < 10-100 organisms), the ability to be aerosolized, a high transmission rate, and tolerance to a wide range of environmental conditions. -The ease of obtaining an organism and ease of production are other factors in assessing the risk for bioterrorism. -One barrier to developing pathogens as biological weapons is the creation of the optimal particle size of 1 to 3 mm for inhalation. |
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| Name several bacterial and viral agents that are bioterrorism threats. |
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| Anthrax Tularemia Plague Smallpox |
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| What is Bioterrorism? |
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| A bioterrorism attack is the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs (agents) used to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants. |
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| Metabolism |
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| Sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism |
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| Two categories of metabolism |
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| Anabolic and Catabolic |
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| Anabolism |
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| Energy is used to build complex molecules -uses energy to synthesize macromolecules that make up the cell |
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| Catabolism |
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| -Energy is obtained or released by breaking down molecules -Releases energy by oxidation molecules |
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| Enzymes |
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| Proteins that accelerate chemical reactions |
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| Main catabolic pathways |
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| respiration and fermentation |
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| Lag Phase |
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| intense activity preparing for population growth, but no increase in population |
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| Log Phase |
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| Logarithmic increase in population |
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| Stationary Phase |
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| Period of Equilibrium |
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| Death Phase |
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| Population is decreasing at a logarithmic rate |
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| Chemical Agents to control microbial growth |
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| Alcohol, Adelhyde, Halogens, Phenols |
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| Sterilization |
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| destruction or removal of all forms of microbial life |
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| Commercial sterilization |
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| sufficient to heat treatment to kill endospores of clostridium botulinium in canned food |
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| Disinfection |
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| Destruction of vegetative pathogens |
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| Antisepsis |
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| Destruction of vegetative pathogens on living tissues |
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| degerming |
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| removal of microbes from a limited area |
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| sanitization |
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| treatment intended to lower microbial count |
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| Mechanisms of resistance |
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| -Limiting access of the antibiotic -Failure to activate the antibiotic -Target modification |
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| Theory of endosymbiosis |
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| The endosymbiotic theory describes how a large host cell and ingested bacteria could easily become dependent on one another for survival, resulting in a permanent relationship. |
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| Techniques used to establish the degree of relatedness between organisms |
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| RNA sequencing G + C content DNA hybridization |
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| Bacteria Growth Technique |
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| Dilution, Microscope, Exepectotometry |
