Micro Test III – Flashcards
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| Requirements for Growth (examples) |
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| 1)carbon source (Glu) 2)energy source (Glu) 3)reducing power (NAD/H) |
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| Nitrogen Compound |
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| general class of molecules used as electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration |
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| Difference in Carbon Use for COH, CLA, PH, and PA |
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| COH: roughly 50/50 energy and biomass CLA: fixes CO2 for biomass, energy from inorganic PH: all carbon for biomass, energy from light PA: fixes CO2, energy from light |
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| 12 Metabolites and Their Parent Pathways |
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| Glycolysis:G6P, F6P, G3P, 3PG, PEP, Pyruvate TCA: acetic acid, (alpha)ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, oxaloacetate Calvin/HMP: E4P, R5P |
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| 3 Types of Phosphorylation |
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| substrate level, photo-, and oxidative |
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| Net reactions of EM and ED |
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| EM: Glu + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+ --> 2Pyr + 2ATP + 2NADH (2NADH-->6ATP in pro) ED: Glu + ADP + Pi + NADP+ + NAD+ --> 2Pyr + ATP + NADPH + NADH |
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| Difference in ATP Production in TCA Cycle between Pro- and Eukaryotes |
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| 2 ATP are needed to enter the mitochondria of eukaryotes, making the net production 36 vs. the 38 in prokaryotes |
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| Cocarboxylase |
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| enzyme used by eukaryotes to fix carbon PEP + acetyl-CoA --> oxaloacetate |
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| Difference in Carbon Use b/t An/Aerobic Organisms |
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| anaerobics use more carbon for energy than assimilation since their pathways create less ATP per molecule Glu vs. aerobics |
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| Precursors from Proteins |
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| Deamination into carbon chains--> precursors |
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| NH4SO4 |
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| inorganic source of nitrogen for transamination |
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| Energy/Biomass for Glu + Protein, or protein only |
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| Glu--> energy; protein--> biomass; protein only: half and half, (makes as much energy as Glu) |
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| Differences b/t Beta-ox and TCA |
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| 1: Speed: TCA is faster 2: Energy: B-ox produces 1.5x more energy/gram due to low cost of operation |
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| Metabolism of Fatty Alcohol; Alkane; Aromatic |
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| --oxidation--> fatty acid --B-Ox--> Acetyl-CoA; oxidiation to alcohol...; reduced to alkane or oxidized to alcohol... |
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| Sulfur (4) |
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| Organic: i.e. thiols, used in a.a. synthesis Oxidized: i.e. SO4, assimilatory (a.a.) or dissimilatory (ETS) reduction Reduced: electron donor, chemolitho |
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| Enthalpy |
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| Change in heat (Delta H) of reaction; can drive reaction if there is high potential energy in reactants that can be released as heat |
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| Metabolism in Yeast |
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| Aerobic: aerobic respiration Anaerobic: ethanol-generating fermentation |
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| Major differences b/t EMP, ED, and fermentation |
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| ED has acid intermediates, fermentation uses only substrate level phosphorylation, and is not tied to OxPhos |
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| Acetyl-CoA in TCA |
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| Combined with oxalo to make citrate, CO2's are lost from isocitrate--> alphaketo and from there to succinyl-[CoA] |
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| electron donors for lithotrophic oxphos |
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| NH4+, H2S, CH4 |
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| terminal electron acceptor for photolysis |
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| NADP+ |
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| bacteriorhodopsin vs. chlorophyll |
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| one protein changes shape upon electron excitation, creates proton gradient, absolutely cyclical vs. the use of several carriers, and can be acyclical |
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| PSI and PSII |
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| PSI: acyclical, excites donated electrons, produces 2NADPH, and transports 2H+ PSII: cyclical, excites electrons and transfers them, transporting 2H+; NADH is made through reverse electron flow Oxygenic: only if both work together, alone they don't have the oxidative potential to use H2O as an electron donor |
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| how plants survive at night |
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| they store excess glucose as cellulose to burn at night |
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| Calvin-Benson |
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| carbon fixation cycle which binds 3CO2 to RBP to create 4 precursors: F6P, E4P, R5P, and start gluconeogenesis the full cycle uses 6NADPH and 9ATP |
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| reductive TCA |
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| from pyruvate to citrate, only used to make precursors (photoauto) |
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| THF cycle |
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| THF-formic --> THF-CH3 + H2O + acetyl-CoA acetyl-CoA goes into gluconeogenesis |
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| carbon labelling |
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| radioisotopes make compounds visible, 2D capillary solution separates them by solubility |
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| how cells keep CO2 in cell |
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| use CCM to convert CO2 into HCO3-; carbonic anhydrase to convert back |
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| how double bonds form in fatty acids |
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| dehydratase forms cis-unsaturation that cannot reduce NAD+, and elongation continues via malonyl-ACP addition |
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| 3 methods of fatty acid biosynthesis regulation |
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| acetyl-CoA carboxylase self-regulation (negative feedback); starvation pathway (down-regulation); and temperature regulation (low temps-->raised dehydratase activity-->more unsaturation) |
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| assimilitory uses for nitrogen groups |
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| fixed onto alpha-ketoglutarate to make glutamate and other amino acids; fixed onto amino acids to make nucleic acids |
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| Preliminary step to fixing N2 |
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| H2 must enter the enzyme to prep the active sites, and is then discarded. Other hydrogens are then used to reduce N2 to 2 NH3 |
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| 3 ways nitrogenases are able to function in oxygenic/aerobic organisms |
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| Protection: physical application of a protein around the nitrogenase to protect it from O2 Temporal Separation: wait to fix nitrogen until night (oxygenic) Heterocyst: synthesize entirely separate body for N2 fixation |
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| purine vs. pyrimidine synthesis |
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| aspartate vs. glycine for starting point; both use ribose as an electron acceptor to make the cycles easier to modify |
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| how cells react to low nitrogen and phosphorus |
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| they limit biomass synthesis, but glucose is still taken in: stored as polysaccharides |
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| glyoxylate shunt |
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| skips CO2-losing steps of TCA, isocitrate--> Succinate + glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA --> malate + succinate Used only for biomass |
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| Match the Pathways with the amino acid families |
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| TCA: glutamate, aspartate Glycolysis: Alanine, Serine Glycolysis + Calvin: Aromatic Calvin: histidine |
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| 2 purposes for fermenting food |
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| lasts longer, and is easier to digest |
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| difference between acidic and alkaline fermentation |
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| microrganism used: waste is acidic? (lactic acid: dairy, calcium supplements) Acid; amino acid metabolic waste is basic (NH4+, Natto) alkaline |
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| Spoilage vs. Poisoning |
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| S: microorganisms have begun to break down/consume food product and are far enough along to make the food unpalatable, and perhaps toxic P: live pathogens are present in food product |
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| 6 steps to commercial success microbial product |
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| Identify product, Isolate organism, Upscale production, Business plan, Market effectively If I were yoU, i'd Buy The Market |
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| one major reason products may be grown or infused into plants or animals |
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| eukaryotic modification may be necessary to synthesize a viable product |
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| 4 types of companies interested in quality control as it pertains to microorganisms |
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| government food, drug, and environmental Regulation programs; Pharmaceutical research companies; WAste management; and LUMber WaR PLum |
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| Two things that improve alcohol output |
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| use sacchromyces, and use an innoculum instead of natural flora |
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| primary vs. secondary metabolites |
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| primary: byproduct of basic metabolic system(CO2, lactic acid, alcohol) Secondary: antibiotics (pennicilin) |
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| First and Last (most complicated) Metabolic Pathways to Evolve |
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| Glycolysis and Phototrophy |
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| Class of compounds that can be synthesized from glucose |
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| amino acids, fatty acids, purines, and pyrimidines |
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| Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction |
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| NO3 --> NO2 + heat --> NH3 + 2heat --> N2 + 3heat |
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| Reductive Acetyl-CoA pathway |
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| Fix CO2 and convert it to Acetyl-CoA |
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| Gluconeogenesis |
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| synthesis of glucose from SMALLER ORGANIC MOLECULES not CO2 |
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| Swiss Cheese Microbe |
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| Propionic acid-fermenting bacteria |
