Micro Test 1 Test Answers – Flashcards
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| Microbes |
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| Very small organisms that usually require a microscope to be seen. |
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| T/F: Most microbes are pathogenic. |
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| False. Only a minority cause disease. |
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| How are microbes named? |
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| Using the nomenclature system- scientific name including genus and species. |
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| Who constructed the nomenclature system? |
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| Carolus Linneaus. |
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| What are the 7 types of microorganisms? |
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| 1) Bacteria 2) Archaea 3) Fungi 4) Protozoa 5) Algae 6) Viruses 7) Multicellular Animal Parasites |
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| What are the 3 most common bacteria shapes? |
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| 1) Bacillus 2) Coccus 3) Spiral |
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| What shape is a bacillus bacteria? |
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| Rod-like |
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| What shape is a coccus bacteria? |
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| Ovoid or spherical |
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| What shape is a spiral bacteria? |
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| Corkscrew or curved |
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| What is the composition of bacteria? |
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| A carbohydrate-protein complex called peptidoglycan. |
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| What is the main way bacteria reproduce? |
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| Binary fission. |
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| Binary fission |
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| When a cell divides into 2 equal cells. |
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| Where do bacteria get their nutrition from? |
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| Mostly organic chemicals, but some use photosynthesis or inorganic substances. |
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| Do bacteria contain a nucleus? |
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| No, they are prokaryotes. |
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| Do archaea contain a nucleus? |
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| No, they are prokaryotes. |
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| Unlike bacteria, archaea cell walls lack ________________. |
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| Peptidoglycan |
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| What are the three main groups of archaea? |
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| 1) Methanogens 2) Extreme halophiles 3) Extreme thermophiles |
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| What are methanogens? |
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| Archaea that produce methane as a waste product from respiration. |
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| What are extreme halophiles? |
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| Archaea that live in extremely salty environments. |
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| What are extreme thermophiles? |
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| Archaea that live in hot, sulfurous water. |
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| T/F: Archaea are not known to cause disease in humans. |
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| True |
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| T/F: Fungi are eukaryotes (have a nucleus) |
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| True |
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| Eukaryote |
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| An organism whose cells have a distinct nucleus containing the cell's DNA, surrounded by an envelope called the nuclear membrane. |
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| T/F: All fungi are unicellular. |
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| False; they can be unicellular or multicellular. |
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| How do fungi get nutrients? |
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| By absorbing organic materials from the environment. |
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| What are fungi cell walls composed of? |
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| Chitin |
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| Mycelia |
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| Masses of mold |
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| What are mycelia composed of? |
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| Long filaments called hyphae. |
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| T/F: Fungi are able to produce sexually or asexually. |
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| True |
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| What are slime molds? |
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| A type of fungi that has characteristics of both fungi and amoebas. |
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| T/F: Protozoa are multicellular organisms. |
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| False; they are unicellular. |
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| T/F: Protozoa are eukaryotic. |
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| True; they contain a nucleus. |
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| How do protozoa facilitate movement? |
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| Pseudopods, flagella, or cilia. |
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| How do protozoa get nutrients? |
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| Most absorb organic compounds, but some use photosynthesis. |
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| T/F: Protozoa can produce sexually or asexually. |
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| True |
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| How does algae get its energy? |
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| Through photosynthesis. |
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| T/F: Algae are prokaryotic. |
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| False |
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| What 3 elements are needed for photosynthetic food production? |
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| Light, water, CO2. |
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| What are the waste products of photosynthesis? |
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| Oxygen and carbohydrates. |
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| How do algae reproduce? |
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| Sexually or asexually. |
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| What are algae cell walls composed of? |
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| Cellulose (a carbohydrate) |
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| What is the composition of a virus? |
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| It is non-cellular. It contains a core made of DNA or RNA, which is surrounded by a protein coat, which in turn may be encased in a lipid membrane. |
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| Viruses are considered to be living organisms. |
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| False; however, some may consider them to be living if they multiply within the host cells they infect. |
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| Helminths |
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| Parasitic worms such as flatworms and roundworms. |
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| What are the 3 domains? |
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| Bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes. |
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| What are the 4 categories of eukaryotes? |
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| 1) Protists 2) Fungi 3) Plants 4) Animals |
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| Cell theory |
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| All living things are composed of cells. |
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| What was Francesco Redi known for? |
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| The maggot jar experiment that was meant to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation. |
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| Biogenesis |
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| The claim that living cells can only arise from preexisting living cells. |
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| What are aseptic techniques? |
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| Techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted microbes. |
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| Who were the two biggest microbiologists of the "Golden Age" of microbiology? |
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| Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch. |
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| Fermentation |
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| When yeasts convert sugar to alcohol in the absence of air. |
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| Souring/ spoilage |
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| Caused when bacteria, in the presence of air, change the alcohol to vinegar (acetic acid). |
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| Pasteurization |
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| Decreases spoilage by heating just enough to kill bacteria. |
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| The germ theory of disease |
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| Microorganisms cause disease in plants and animals. |
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| What was Joseph Lister's best known theory? |
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| That physicians spread pathogens because they weren't using sterilizing/ disinfecting methods. |
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| Immunity |
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| The protection from disease provided by vaccination (or recovery from the disease itself). |
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| What was Edward Jenner most known for? |
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| Vaccination; he used cowpox as a vaccine for smallpox since it's much less deadly. |
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| Chemotherapy |
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| Treatment of disease by using chemical substances. It involves the use of toxic drugs that are so potent they kill the pathogens and stops just short of killing the patient. |
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| Antibiotics |
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| Chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other microbes. |
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| Synthetic drugs |
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| Chemotheraputic agents prepared from chemicals in the laboratory. |
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| Who accidentally discovered penicillin? |
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| Alexander Fleming |
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| Bacteriology |
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| The study of bacteria. |
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| Mycology |
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| The study of fungi. |
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| Parasitology |
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| The study of protozoa and parasitic worms. |
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| Immunology |
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| The study of immunity. |
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| Interferons |
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| Substances generated by the body's own immune system that inhibit replication of viruses. |
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| Virology |
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| The study of viruses. |
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| Microbial genetics |
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| Studies the mechanisms by which microbes inherit traits. |
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| Molecular biology |
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| Studies how genetic information is carried in molecules of DNA and how DNA directs the synthesis of proteins. |
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| Microbial ecology |
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| The study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment. |
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| Bioremediation |
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| Using bacteria to clean up pollutants and toxins from underground wells, chemical spills, toxic waste sites, and oil spills. |
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| Biotechnology |
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| Practical applications of microbiology. |
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| Gene therapy |
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| Inserting a missing gene or replacing a defective one in human cells. |
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| Normal microbiota (flora) |
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| The microbes naturally in/on us or the environment-- not harmful. |
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| Resistance |
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| The ability to ward off disease. |
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| Biofilm |
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| A complex aggregation of microbes. |
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| How are biofilms dangerous in a medical sense? |
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| They may cause infections on medical implants and catheters. |
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| Infectious diseases |
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| A disease in which pathogens invade a susceptible host, such as a human or animal. |
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| Emerging infectious diseases |
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| A number of new diseases that have shown up in recent years, due to antimicrobial resistance, etc. |
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| West Nile Encephalitis |
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| Inflammation of the brain caused by the West Nile Virus. |
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| AIDS |
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| Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; caused by the HIV virus. It is spread by the transmission of body fluids. |
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| What did Ignaz Semmelweis advocate for? |
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| Handwashing to prevent transmission of disease. |
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| What was Paul Erlich known for? |
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| The "Magic Bullet" that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host. (Chemotherapy, eventually.) |
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| What are some factors affecting resistance in humans? |
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| Skin, stomach acids, antimicrobial chemicals, etc. |
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| Prokaryotes (compared to eukaryotes)-- "pre-nucleus" |
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| -lack membrane-enclosed organelles -DNA isn't membrane-enclosed (and no histone) -Cell walls contain peptidoglycan -Divide using binary fission |
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| Eukaryotes (compared to prokaryotes)-- "true nucleus" |
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| -DNA found in nucleus (has histones & nonhistones) -Membrane-enclosed organelles -May not have cell walls, but if they're present, they're chemically simple. -Cell division by mitosis |
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| T/F: prokaryotes are unicellular. |
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| True |
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| What are the 5 basic coccus types in bacteria? |
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| 1) Diplococci 2) Streptococci 3) Tetrads 4) Sarcinae 5) Staphylococci |
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| Diplococci |
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| Cocci that remain in pairs after dividing. |
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| Streptococci |
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| Cocci that remain attached in chainlike patterns after division. |
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| (Cocci) Tetrads: |
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| Cocci that divide in two planes and remain in groups of four. |
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| Sarcinae |
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| Cocci that divide in three plains and remain attached in cube like groups of eight. |
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| Staphylococci |
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| Cocci that divide in multiple planes and form grape like clusters or broad sheets. |
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| That are the four types of bacilli? |
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| 1) Single bacilli 2) Diplobacilli 3) Streptobacilli 4) Coccobacilli |
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| Diplobacilli |
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| Bacilli that appear in pairs after division. |
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| Streptobacilli |
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| Bacilli that occur in chains. |
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| Coccobacilli |
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| Oval bacilli that look like cocci. |
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| What are the three spiral bacteria shapes? |
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| 1) Vibrios 2) Spirilla 3) Spirochetes |
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| Monomorphic bacteria |
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| Maintain a single shape. |
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| Pleomorphic bacteria |
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| Can have many shapes. |
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| Glycocalyx |
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| A substance that surrounds cells. It is made inside the cell and secreted to the surface. |
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| Capsule |
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| A glycocalyx that is organized and firmly attached to the cell wall. |
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| Slime layer |
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| A glycocalyx that is unorganized and loosely attached to the cell wall. |
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| Extracellular polymeric substance |
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| A glycocalyx that helps cells in a biofilm attach to the target environment and to each other. |
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| What is the main purpose of a capsule? |
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| To prevent phagocytosis. |
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| Flagella |
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| Long, filamentous appendages that propel bacteria. |
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| Peritrichous flagella |
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| Distributed over the whole cell. |
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| Atrichous flagella |
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| Bacteria lack flagella. |
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| Polar flagella |
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| Flagella found at one or both ends of the cell. |
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| What are the three types of polar flagella? |
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| 1) Monotrichous 2) Lophotrichous 3) Amphitrichous |
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| Monotrichous polar flagella |
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| Single flagella at one pole. |
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| Lophotrichous polar flagella |
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| Tuft of flagella coming from one pole. |
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| Amphitrichous polar flagella |
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| Flagella at both poles. |
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| What are the 3 basic parts of a flagellum? |
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| 1) Filament 2) Hook 3) Basal body |
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| Filament of the flagella |
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| The long outermost region containing the protein "flagellin." |
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| Hook of the flagellum |
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| Connects to the filament and consists of protein. |
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| Basal body of the flagellum |
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| Anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane. |
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| How does the flagella move the cell? |
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| By rotating from the basal body. |
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| Taxis |
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| The movement of bacterium toward/away from a particular stimulus. |
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| Motility |
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| The ability of an organism to move by itself. |
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| Chemotaxis |
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| Chemical stimulus (propelling taxis of flagella) |
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| Phototaxis |
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| Light stimulus (propelling taxis of flagella) |
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| Axial filaments (endoflagella) |
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| Bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of a cell beneath the outer sheath and spiral around the cell, allowing it to move. |
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| Fimbriae |
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| Hairlike appendages that are shorter, straighter, and thinner than flagella-- can be a few to hundreds. |
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| Pili |
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| Hairlike appendages that are shorter, straighter, and thinner than flagella-- longer than fimbriae and much smaller numbers. |
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| What are fimbriae and pili composed of? |
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| The protein "pilin" |
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| What are the 3 types of motility pili allow? |
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| 1) Twitching motility 2) Gliding motility 3) Conjugation |
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| Twitching motility |
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| When a pilus extends through the use of subunits and makes surface contact with another cell, and then retracts. |
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| Gliding motility |
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| When pili assist in the smooth gliding movement of mycobacteria. |
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| Conjugation |
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| When pili bring bacteria together in order to transfer DNA. |
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| What are fimbriae and pili used for? |
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| Attachment and the transfer of DNA. |
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| Cell Wall |
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| A complex, semirigid structure responsible for the shape of the cell. |
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| What part of a cell do most antibiotics target? |
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| The cell wall. |
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| What is the function of a bacterial cell wall? |
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| To prevent the cell from rupturing due to water pressure. |
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| What are bacterial cell walls composed of? |
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| Peptidoglycan |
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| What is peptidoglycan composed of? |
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| A chain of repeating disaccharides and polypeptides. |
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| Lysis |
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| Destruction caused by rupture of the plasma membrane and the loss of cytoplasm. |
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| What are the 3 functions of teichoic acids? |
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| 1) Bind & regulate movement of cations in/out of the cell 2) Cell growth-- prevents lysis 3) Provides antigenic specificity, which identifies the type of bacteria |
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| Which type of bacterial cells walls contain teichoic acids? |
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| Gram-positive |
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| What are gram-positive cell walls composed of? |
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| Layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid |
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| What are gram-negative cell walls composed of? |
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| Few layers of peptidoglycan and an outermsmbrane consisting of lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, and phospholipids. |
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| What is the function of the outermsmbrane in gram-negative bacteria? |
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| To evade phagocytosis and provide a barrier against chemicals that may cause lysis. |
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| What dye is most commonly used in gram staining? |
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| Crystal violet |
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| Lysosome |
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| A digestive enzyme that may break cell walls. |
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| In what body fluids are lysosomes found? |
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| Sweat, tears, mucus, saliva. |
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| Which type of bacterial cells are more susceptible to lysosomes? |
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| Gram-positive cells. |
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| Protoplast |
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| A wall-less cell of cellular contents surrounded by plasma membrane. |
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| L forms |
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| Irregularly shaped cells that have lost their walls and swell. |
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| Spheroplast |
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| A gram-negative cell that has been exposed to lysozyme and retains the cellular contents, plasma membrane, and remaining outer wall layer. |
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| Osmotic lysis |
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| Rupturing that occurs when water molecules from surrounding liquid rapidly move into the cell and enlarge it, causing it to burst. |
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| Plasma membrane |
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| A thin structure lying inside the cell wall and enclosing the cytoplasm of the cell. |
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| What are prokaryotic plasma membranes made of? |
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| Phospolipids |
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| What are eukaryotic plasma membranes made of? |
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| Carbohydrates and sterols (such as cholesterol). |
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| Glycoproteins |
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| Proteins attached to carbohydrates. |
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| Glycolipids |
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| Lipids attached to carbohydrates. |
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| What is the purpose of glycoproteins and glycolipids in a prokaryotic plasma membrane? |
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| To protect and lubricate the cell and aid in cell-to-cell interactions. |
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| Fluid mosaic model |
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| The dynamic arrangement of phospholipids and proteins. |
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| What are peripheral proteins (of prokaryotic plasma membranes) |
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| Proteins easily removed from the membrane by mild treatment due to their presence at the inner or outer surface of the membrane. |
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| What are integral proteins (of the prokaryotic plasma membrane) |
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| Proteins that can only be removed from the membrane by disrupting the lipid layer. |
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| What is the most important function of the prokaryotic plasma membrane? |
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| To serve as a selective barrier through which materials enter and exit the cell. |
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| Selective permeability |
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| Certain ions and molecules may pass through a membrane, but others can't. |
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| What is the lesser function of a prokaryotic plasma membrane? |
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| Breakdown of nutrients-- energy. |
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| Chromophores/thylakoids: |
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| Infoldings of prokaryotic plasma membrane into the cytoplasm-- store pigments and enzymes for photosynthesis. |
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| Mesosomes |
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| Large, irregular folds found on bacterial plasma membranes. |
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| Polymyxins |
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| A group of antibiotics that disrupt the plasma membrane's phospholipids and causes the intracellular contents to leak. |
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| Which organelle most closely resembles a prokaryotic cell? Why? |
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| Mitochondria because is has DNA and ribosomes. |
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| Passive processes of movement |
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| Substances cross the membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
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| T/F: There is NO energy expenditure for passive processes. |
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| True |
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| Simple diffusion |
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| The net (overall) movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
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| When does simple diffusion stop? |
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| When molecules/ions are equally distributed and equilibrium has been achieved. |
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| Facilitated diffusion |
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| Integral membrane proteins function as channels or carriers that facilitate the movement of ions or large molecules across the plasma membrane. |
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| Extracellular enzymes |
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| Break down large molecules essential for bacteria so simpler molecules may pass through the membrane. |
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| Osmosis |
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| The net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
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| Aquaporins |
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| Integral membrane proteins that function as water channels. |
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| Osmotic pressure |
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| The pressure required to prevent the movement of pure water into a solution containing some solutes. |
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| Isotonic solution |
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| A medium in which the overall concentration of solutes equals that found inside a cell. |
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| Hypotonic solution |
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| Outside the cell is a medium whose concentration of solutes is lower than that inside the cell-- swells. |
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| Hypertonic solution |
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| A medium having a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell-- shrinks. |
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| Active processes |
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| When the cell uses energy (ATP) to move substances across the plasma membrane. |
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| What must be present in order for active processes to be able to occur? |
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| Transporter proteins. |
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| Group translocation |
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| Occurs exclusively in prokaryotes and the substance is chemically altered during transport. |
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| T/F: Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are able to use phagocytosis and pinocytosis. |
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| False-- only eukaryotes do. |
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| Cytoplasm |
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| The substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane. |
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| Nucleoid |
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| Contains all the cell's genetic information. |
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| Bacterial chromosome |
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| A single, long, continuous, and frequently circularly arranged thread of double-stranded DNA found in the nucleoid. |
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| Plasmids |
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| Small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules. |
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| Ribosomes |
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| The sites of protein synthesis. |
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| T/F: All prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain ribosomes. |
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| True |
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| What are ribosomes composed of? |
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| Protein and ribosomal RNA. |
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| Inclusions |
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| Reserve deposits of nutrients. |
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| Metachromatic granules |
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| Found in inclusions and stain with certain blue dyes. |
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| Polysaccharide granules |
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| Found in inclusions and stain with iodine. Composed of glycogen and starch. |
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| Lipid inclusions |
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| Lipid storage material unique to bacteria. |
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| Sulfur granules |
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| Found in inclusions and serve as an energy reserve in some cells. |
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| Carboxysomes |
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| Inclusions that contain the enzyme ribulose 1,5- diphosphate carboxylase. |
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| Gas vacuoles |
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| Hollow cavities that anchor the cell at the appropriate water level. |
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| Magnetosomes |
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| Inclusions of iron oxide surrounded by invaginations of the plasma membrane. Formed by gram-negative bacteria. |
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| Endospores |
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| "Resting" cells created by certain gram-positive bacteria when essential nutrients are depleted. |
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| Sporulation |
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| Endospore formation within a vegetative cell. |
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| Where can endospores be located? |
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| Terminally (at one end), subterminally (near one end), or centrally inside the vegetative cell. |
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| Germination |
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| A process in which an endospore returns to its vegetative state. |
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| Flagella |
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| A few long projections used for cellular movement. |
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| Cilia |
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| Numerous short projections used for cellular movement. |
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| What is the form of cilia and flagella? |
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| 9 microtubules in a ring, and another 2 in the center--> 9+2 array. |
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| Microtubules |
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| Long, hollow tubes made up of the protein "tubulin." |
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| What do algae walls consist of? |
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| The polysaccharide "cellulose." |
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| What are yeast cell walls composed of? |
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| The polysaccharides "glucan" and "mannan." |
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| Pellicle |
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| A flexible outer membrane that most protozoa have instead of a typical cell wall. |
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| Sterols |
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| Complex lipids associated with the ability of the membranes to resist lysis due to rising osmotic pressure. |
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| Endocytosis |
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| A segment of the eukaryote's plasma membrane surrounds a particle/large molecule, encloses it, and brings it into the cell. |
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| Phagocytosis |
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| Cellular projections called pseudopods engulf particles and bring them into the cell. |
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| Pinocytosis |
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| Plasma membrane folds inward, bringing extracellular fluid into the cell, along with whatever substances are dissolved in the fluid. |
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| Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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| Ligands bind to receptors in the membrane, causing it to fold inward, possibly allowing viruses to enter. |
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| Cytosol |
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| The fluid portion of cytoplasm. |
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| Cytoskeleton |
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| Provides support and shapes; assists in transporting substances in the cell. |
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| Cytoplasmic streaming |
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| The movement of eukaryotic cytoplasm from one part of the cell to another. |
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| Free ribosomes |
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| Unattached to any structure in the cytoplasm. |
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| What is the purpose of free ribosomes? |
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| To synthesize proteins used inside the cell. |
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| Membrane-bound ribosomes |
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| Attached to the nuclear membrane and endoplasmic reticulum. |
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| What is the purpose of membrane-bound ribosomes? |
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| To synthesize proteins destined for insertion in the plasma membrane or for export from the cell. |
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| Polyribosome |
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| 10-20 ribosomes joined in a stringlike attachment. |
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| Organelles |
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| Structures with specific shapes and specialized functions. |
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| Nucleus |
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| Contains most of the cell's DNA; the largest structure in the eukaryotic cell. |
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| What surrounds the nucleus? |
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| The nuclear envelope (a double membrane). |
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| Nuclear pores |
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| Tiny channels in the nuclear envelope that allow the nucleus to communicate with the cytoplasm. |
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| Nucleoli |
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| Spherical bodies that are made of condensed regions of chromosomes where rRNA is being synthesized. |
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| Nucleosome |
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| Combination of 165 base pairs and 9 molecules of histones (found inside the nucleus). |
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| Chromatin |
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| A threadlike mass containing DNA and proteins when DNA isn't reproducing. |
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| Chromosomes |
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| Coiled chromatin, during nuclear division. |
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| Endoplasmic reticulum |
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| An extensive network of flattened membranous sacs or tubules, called cisternae. |
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| Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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| Outer surface is covered in ribosomes; "factory for synthesizing secretory proteins and membrane molecules." It is continuous with the nuclear membrane. |
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| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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| Does not have ribosomes; synthesizes phospholipids, fats/steroids; extends from rough ER to form a network of membrane tubules. |
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| Golgi complex |
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| The first step in the transport pathway. |
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| Transport vesicle |
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| The part of a golgi complex that fuses with the cistern and releases proteins into it. |
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| What are the two ways proteins can leave the cisternae of the golgi complex? |
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| Via secretory vesicles or storage versicles. |
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| What is the structure and function of a lysosome? |
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| It is a structure with a single membrane and no internal structure. They contain enzymes that break down bacteria and molecules. |
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| Tonoplast |
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| The membrane that encloses vacuoles. |
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| What is the purpose of a vacuole? |
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| May be used for temporary storage or to bring food/water into the cell. |
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| Mitochondria |
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| "Powerhouse of the cell" |
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| Cristae |
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| Folds found in the inner membrane of a mitochondria. |
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| Chloroplasts |
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| A membrane-enclosed structure containing chlorophyll and the enzymes required for photosynthesis. |
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| Thylakoids |
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| Flattened membrane sacs containing chlorophyll. |
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| Grana |
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| Stacks of thylakoids. |
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| Peroxisomes |
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| Contain enzymes able to oxidize various organic substances. |
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| Catalase |
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| An enzyme made by peroxisomes that decomposes hydrogen peroxide. |
question
| Pericentriolar area |
answer
| A region of cytosol composed of a dense network of small protein fibers that makes up the centrosome. |
question
| What is the purpose of a centrosome? |
answer
| It is the organizing center for the mitotic spindle--> cell division. |
question
| Endosymbiotic theory |
answer
| The theory explaining the origin of eukaryotes from prokaryotes, as stated by Lynn Margulis. |
