Micro Spring 2013 Block II Disease Symptoms – Flashcards
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| What are the symptoms of Hep A? |
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| Fever, anorexia, nausea, pain in upper right abd, jaundice, dark urine and clay-colored stool, enlarged, tender liver, elevated serum aminotransferase and bilirubin Will never cause cancer or progress to chronic liver disease |
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| What are the consequences of chronic HBV infection? |
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| Necrosis of hepatocytes, Collapse of the reticular framework of liver Progressive fibrosis Leads to syndrome of postnecrotic hepatic cirrhosis |
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| What is the most common complication of HCV? |
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| Chronic liver disease (80% of cases with a course of intermittent inflammation and normality) 10-20% of chronic patients develop cirrhosis or cancer in the long run |
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| What is the average time from infection to the development of chronic hepatitis in HCV patients? |
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| 10-18 years Often asymptomatic |
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| What are the extra-hepatic manifestations of HCV? |
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| Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia (EMC) Circulating immune complexes containing HCV RNA Immune-complex glomerulonephritis |
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| What are the symptoms of an Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) infection? |
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| Watery diarrhea, cramps, vomiting, malaise, fever More severe symptoms if the infecting ETEC strain secretes both types of toxins |
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| What are the symptoms of an Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) infection? |
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| Fever, vomiting, watery diarrhea that may contain large amounts of mucus Associated with clusters in the US such as daycare, hospitals, nursery |
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| What are the signs and symptoms of Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)? |
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| Watery diarrhea that progresses to *bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, +/- fever, may also develop hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) |
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| What are the signs and symptoms of an Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) infection? |
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| Many are asymptomatic or with transient fever Early: Fever, severe cramps, Watery diarrhea Late: Reduced fever, increased diarrhea with blood*, urgency, tenesmus |
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| What is a unique symptom of Enteroaggragative E. coli (EAEC) infection? |
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| May cause a protracted course of diarrhea (>14 days) in adults and children in all parts of the world |
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| What are the signs and symptoms of a Yersinia infection? |
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| Enterocolitis Mesenteric adenitis and terminal ileitis Exudative pharyngitis Tender red nodules on extensor surfaces of limbs |
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| What post-infectious syndrome is common in patients recovering from a Yersinia infection? |
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| Reactive arthritis |
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| What are the signs and symptoms of Francisella tularensis? |
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| Fever (up to 104), chills, headache, myalgias, possible delirium Inflamed blister that fills with pus and opens to form an ulcer, swollen lymph nodes, severe sore throat Chest and abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss, diarrhea |
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| What are the signs and symptoms of Brucella melitensis? |
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| Usually 1 of 3 categories: Febrile illness that resembles typhoid but is less severe Fever and acute monarthritis, typically of hip or knee, in a young child Long-lasting fever, misery, and low-back or hip pain in older men |
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| What are the symptoms of H. pylori induced gastritis? |
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| Often symptom free In symptomatic: belching, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, epigastric pain, bleeding Possible pyloric stenosis |
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| What are the symptoms of cholera? |
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| Rapid onset, abd pain, rushes of peristalsis, loose, watery stool containing mucus flecks- the “rice-water stool” Muscle cramp due to electrolyte imbalance In severe, hypotension, shock and death may occur within hours if untreated |
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| What are the symptoms of a campylobacter infection (dysentery)? |
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| Fever Lower abd pain (may mimic acute appendicitis) Dysenteric stool containing blood and pus Vomiting (often not present) Invasive but usually self-limiting, recovers within 3-5days |
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| Inducing macrophage apoptosis |
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| Often described as “food poisoning” Nausea Vomiting Abdominal pain Loose motion Fever |
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| What are the symptoms of typhoid fever? |
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| Involves multiple organs Incubation 13 days Fever, headache, faint rash on abd Diarrhea Relative bradycardia is characteristic |
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| What are the most important complications of typhoid fever? |
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| Intestinal (terminal ileum or proximal colon) perforation* and cholecsystitis* are the most important complications Chronic bacteremia and effects of endotoxins may lead to myocarditis, encephalopathy, or IVC |
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| Most cases of shigella are due to S. sonnei, which presents with what symptoms? |
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| Fever Malaise, anorexia Myalgia (sometimes) Diarrhea (may become dysenteric) |
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| What diseases processes/complications are seen with Group A Coxsackievirus infections? |
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| Asceptic Meningitis, Encephalitis, muscle weakness and paralysis (Poliomyelitis-like disease), cerebellar ataxia, exanthems and enanthems |
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| What disease processes/complications are seen with Group B Coxsackievirus infections? |
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| Asceptic Meningitis, Encephalitis, Pericarditis, Myocarditis, Epidemic Mylagia, Orchitis |
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| What disease processes/complications are seen with Echovirus and Enterovirus infections? |
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| Asceptic Meningitis, Encephalitis, muscle weakness and paralysis (Poliomyelitis-like disease), Exanthems and enanthems |
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| What are the disease states of poliovirus? |
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| Abortive poliomyelitis, asceptic meningitis, paralytic poliomyelitis |
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| What are the general symptoms of rotavirus? |
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| Vomiting (typically the first symptom) Abdominal cramps Watery diarrhea May frequently occur along with a respiratory tract infection Lasts 2-8 days, a form of traveler's diarrhea |
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| What are the symptoms of a Norwalk agent or Norovirus infection? |
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| Nausea, vomiting, cramps, and watery diarrhea Vomiting is more common in children, and diarrhea in adults Headache, fever, chills, and myalgias |
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| What symptoms appear in Picornavirus infections but not in Norovirus infections? |
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| Rashes, lesions, photophobia, tachycardia |
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| What is the primary symptom of Calicivirus? |
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| Nausea |
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| What are the symptoms of Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm)? |
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| Light infections are asymptomatic Heavy infections can have Epigastric pain, vomiting, distention, flatulence, anorexia and weight loss may occur, severe cases have dysentary syndrome, blood and mucous in stools |
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| What kind of complications are seen with Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm)? |
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| IgE response and hypereosinophilia Mast cell activation may lead to the increase in allergic responses and symptoms coincide with GI complaints Prolapse of rectum |
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| What are the symptoms of Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm)? |
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| Intense nocturnal perianal itching Insomnia Can migrate to urogenital tract in females causing a vaginitis and lead to secondary bacterial UTI Scratching may lead to secondary bacterial skin infections |
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| What are the symptoms of Ascaris lumbricoides (Roundworm) infection? |
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| Usually asymptomatic Fever, jaundice, chachexia and mental retardation due to malnutrition, pulmonary symptoms, abdominal tenderness due to obstruction or bowel perforation, Loeffler's syndrome, Larva migrans |
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| What are the symptoms of Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale (Hookworm)? |
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| Infecting larvae induce pruritic maculopapular dermatitis at site of entry ("ground itch") Transient pneumonitis Epigastric pain, inflammatory diarrhea with eosinophilia Primary Syndrome: Iron deficiency anemia Occult blood in stool Larva migrans |
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| What are the symptoms of a Strongyloides stercoralis (Threadworm) infection? |
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| "Ground itch", cough and Loeffler’s syndrome, chronic watery diarrhea with mucous, may contain blood, urticaria, Larva currens |
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| What are the symptoms of a Cestode (tapeworms) or Taenias infection? |
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| Likely to be asymptomatic Epigastric discomfort Nausea Sensation of hunger Diarrhea Cysticercosis if eggs are ingested |
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| How does a biliary trematode (fluke) infection manifest? |
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| Acute infections: fever, eosinophilia, and hepatomegaly Heavy worm burden may lead to constitutional complaints and symptoms associated with cholelithiasis and pancreatitis |
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| How does a liver trematode (fluke) infection manifest? |
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| Fever, hepatomegaly and/or abdominal pain Nausea, cough, diarrhea, and urticaria are also common Periods of jaundice |
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| What are the symptoms of Enteritis necroticans? |
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| Severe necrotizing disease of the small intestine Intense abdominal pain, distension, bloody diarrhea, vomiting & shock High mortality due to intestinal perforation |
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| What are the effects of botulin toxin? |
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| Small amounts can produce paralysis and death Attaches to neuromuscular junction of affected nerves Prevents release of acetylcholine Approximately 1 microgram of toxin is lethal |
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| What are the possible pathologies caused by Bacillus cereus food poisoning? |
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| Gastroenteritis Ocular infections Intravenous catheter-related sepsis Diarrhea syndrome Vomiting syndrome |
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| What are the symptoms of a Cryptosporidium infection? |
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| Frequent, watery diarrhea Nausea, vomiting Abdominal cramps Low-grade fever |
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| What are the symptoms of acute Giardiasis? |
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| Diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting |
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| What are the characteristics of invasive, intestinal amebiasis via Entamoeba histolytica? |
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| Dysentery, colitis |
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| What are the characteristics of extra-intestinal amebiasis via Entamoeba histolytica? |
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| Liver abscess Peritonitis Pleuropulmonary abscess Cutaneous and genital amebic lesions |
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| What are the consequences of a heavy infection of Entamoeba histolytica?q |
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| Causes vacuoles to coalesce Sloughing off of the lining causes bloody, mucus-filled stools |
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| What are the symptoms of a Cylcospora cayetanensis infection? |
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| Watery diarrhea which can be severe Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abd pain Low-grade fever, fatigue Flu-like symptoms Can persist for several weeks |
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| What are the characteristics of viral conjunctivitis? |
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| Usually due to an upper respiratory infection Watery discharge Red eye Irritation Can spread to other eye |
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| What symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis help differentiate it from viral conjunctivitis? |
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| Stringy discharge Other symptoms: Swelling of the conjunctiva Redness, tearing Irritation (gritty feeling) Can spread to other eye |
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| What are the symptoms of Iritis (anterior uveitis)? |
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| Redness, pain, photophobia due to painful movement of inflamed iris Blurred vision in severe inflammation |
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| What are the symptoms of Intermediate uveitis (cyclitis)? |
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| Blurring, presence of floaters (black dots or wispy lines which move across the field of vision) |
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| What are the symptoms of posterior uveitis |
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| Blurring, gradual or sudden reduction in vision Usually painless |
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| What are the symptoms of tularemia (Francisella tularensis infection) |
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| Highly infectious Skin ulcers Swollen, painful lymph nodes Inflamed eyes, sore throat, mouth sores |
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| What are the characteristics of CMV retinitis? |
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| Floaters, flashes, and blind spots Pizza pie retinopathy (CMV infiltrates the vascular endothelium) More common among immunocompromised or neonates from infected mothers |
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| What are the most common manifestations of a hematological infection? |
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| Anemia Pancytopenia Lymphocytosis Neutrophilia Eosinophilia |
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| What is the most common clinical manifestation of Tularemia? |
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| Ulceroglandular tularemia Skin lesion (from a tick bite) is a painful papule which ulcerates having a necrotic center Leads to lymphadenopathy and bacteremia |
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| An infant suffering from a congenital case of Toxoplasmosis experiences what symptoms? |
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| Anemia Jaundice, epilepsy, encephalitis, other neurological disorders |
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| What are the symptoms of Hemophagocytic Syndrome (aka hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)) |
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| Fever, splenomegaly*, jaundice Presence of activated macrophages phagocytizing erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and other RBC precursors Phagocytosis is detectable in the bone marrow |
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| What are the most common symptoms of hemophagocytic syndrome? |
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| Fever*, splenomegaly* |
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| What are the most common lab abnormalities associated with hemophagocytic syndrome? |
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| **Anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypofriboginemia |
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| What are the symptoms of Leishmaniasis? |
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| Anemia, protrusion of abdomen due to splenomegally, and bleeding mucus membranes are most important* Low grade fever, malaise, wasting, facial edema, diarrhea, breathing difficulties |
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| What are the general characteristics of Rickettsia? |
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| Obligate intracellular, aerobic, gram-negative rods |
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| Severe cases of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever are in danger of what complication? |
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| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy (DIC) |
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| What are the symptoms of epidemic typhus? |
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| Splenomegaly*, hypotension*, vascular collapse* if severe High fever, headache, maculopapular rash |
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| What are the clinical symptoms of scrub typhus? |
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| *Splenomegaly, *interstitial myocarditis Fever, headache, macular rash Delirium, stupor, muscle twitching |
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| What are the possible complications of measles vaccination? |
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| Thrombocytopenia* |
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| What are the hemorrhagic manifestations* of a Rubella infection? |
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| Rare, primarily children Low platelet count, vascular damage Thromobocytopenic purpura GI, cerebral, intrarenal hemorrhaging can occur |
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| What are the symptoms of Acute schistosomiasis (Katayama’s fever) |
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| *Diarrhea (bloody), *Hepatosplenomegaly, *eosinophilia, Cystitis, ureteritis with hematuria* (can lead to bladder cancer) Fever, cough, abd pain, occasional CNS lesions, pulmonary hypertension |
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| Attachment of the flukes (Fasciolopsis buski) to the small intestines causes what? |
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| Hemorrhage* Marked eosinophilia* Inflammation and ulceration |
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| What is characteristic of carriers of Cestodes (fish tapeworm) suffering from megaloblastic anemia? |
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| Low serum levels of vitamin B12 |
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| What are the acute symptoms of Chaga's disease? |
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| Romana’s sign: Eye on one side swells (at location where triatomine bug fecal matter gets rubbed in) Occur in about 1% of cases |
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| What are prolonged symptoms of Chaga's disease? |
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| Enlarged liver or spleen* Fever, fatigue, swollen lymph glands Brain damage and death in younger |
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| What is characteristic of the acute blood stage of infection for African Sleeping Sickness? |
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| Fever, headaches |
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| What are the symptoms of African Sleeping Sickness? |
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| Apathy, fatigue, confusion, motor changes (tics, slurred speech) Changes in sleep patterns Extreme fatigue during day, extreme agitation during night |
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| What are potential complications of African Sleeping Sickness? |
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| Trypanosomes cross the blood-brain barrier resulting in meningoencephalitis Untreated can progress to coma or death |
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| What are the clinical manifestations of lymphatic filariasis? |
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| Eosinophilia is prominent* Many are asymptomatic though some develop lymphatic dysfunction |
