Micro Helminths – Flashcards
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| neglected infection |
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| gets little attentio, survelence, prevention, and treatment |
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| helminth aka |
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| worms |
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| helminth transmission |
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| egg or larvae form fecal oral ingestion penetration of skin vector |
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| types of hosts |
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| difinitive: site of replication intermediate: site of replacion in a transfer host accidential: not the usual host |
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| endoparasite |
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| inside host / cell |
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| exoparasite |
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| outside the host (skin) / outside cell |
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| what areas or people are more likley to be infected with a helminth |
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| subtropic or tropic areas children people who work animals people who work with food poor sanatation |
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| what are the forms of reproduction in helminths |
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| sexual: egg is in feces and matures in next host or builds up in intestines asexual: not as common |
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| what types of defenses do helminths have against the immune system |
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| cyst or egg in cell wall (innate avoidance) antigenic varation, mollecular miciry hide intracellularly |
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| define carrier |
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| harbors parasite, no symptoms |
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| define vector |
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| transports parasite via fecal oral or penentration, etc |
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| define indirect life cycle |
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| reproductive stanges must undergo further development in intermediate host or vector before sexual maturity in final host |
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| define trophozoite |
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| active feeding protozoa |
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| define cyst |
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| inactive ineffective ptotoza |
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| define hydadid cyst, who has one |
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| infective stage of a e. granulosus |
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| fluke aka |
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| termatode, paragonimus, digenea, platyhelminth, flat worm |
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| defining characteristcs of a fluke (eating, composition, virulence) |
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| muscular suckers and hooks for host attachment surface is a complex plasma membrane with protective mechanisms feed on host tissue of intestine content |
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| life cycle of a fluke: infectve stage, reproduction |
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| indirect life cycle: intermetidate hosts needed metcercaria: infectve stage mature in intestines, lungs, liver, vessels mostly hermaphodytes |
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| give three examples of flukes |
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| clonorchis schistomes F. bushki |
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| where is clonorchis found. what is it |
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| tissues, fluke flat worm |
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| schistosomes: virulence factor, reproduction |
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| acquire host molecules to disguise from immune system blood flukes: in vessel and tissue not hemaphodytes part of life in snail |
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| schistosomes: life cycle |
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| eggs hatch and release miracidia which penentrates snail develop into sporocyst in snail release into water as cerariae (infective stage) penetrates human skin or drank loses tail and becomes schistosomulae enters circulation and go to liver to mature goes to bladder/bowel and has sex lays eggs |
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| what is the clinical sign in humans of schistosomes |
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| hypersenstivity to the eggs as they pass through the tissues schistosomiasis disease |
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| F. bushki: classification, location, appearance |
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| endemic sheep liver tissue fluke flattened leaf structure in water chesnuts and bamboo |
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| F. bushki: how it infects, clinical signs |
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| eaten via water chesnut or babmoo attaches to wall of SI obstruction, malasborption, diarrhea, anorexia, acities eosinophillia |
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| round worms aka |
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| nematodes |
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| round worm: descibe what they look like, how they eat, antigenic parts, what they infect |
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| long cilldrical body with no attachment organs feed on host tissues and intestine content outer collagenous cutile that is antigenic but resistant to attack mostly human specific but some are zoonoses (human can be the intermediate) |
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| in what ways does a round worm reproduce (3 facts) |
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| common: seperate sexes lay fertizied eggs less common: autoinfection, eggs made in intestins can reproducte and re-infect direct and indirect development |
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| how are nematodes separated into categories |
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| those that mature in the GI tract those that mature in deep tissues |
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| what are 4 examples of round worms |
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| a. lumbracoides hookworms srongglides Loa Loa |
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| loa loa: where does it infect, what are the symptoms |
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| adult is in subcutaneous tissue causing local pain and swelling larvae migrate to the conjunctiva and cause calabar swelling (below the eye) |
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| how is stronglide tested for, what other oragnism is tested for in the same way |
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| use enterotest on the duodenal sample giardia too |
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| tapeworms aka |
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| cestodes, flat worms, platyhelminth |
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| tapeworm: describe body, how does it eat |
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| muscular sucker and hooks for host attach complex plasmam membrane with protective mechanisms to prevent host damage no digestive system and absorb pre-digested nutrients |
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| how do you catch a tapeworm, what do they do to people |
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| eat undercooked meat with larva in it relativly harmless unless they get to big or are an intermediate host for other species |
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| explain the life cycle of a tapeworm |
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| egg in feces > enivornment > eaten by pig > onocsphere hatch > pig circulation > muscle and tissue > cysteri (inactive) > humans eat undercooked pig > scolex attaches to intestine and grows > lays eggs > poo them |
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| what is an example of a tapeworm in an accidental host |
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| if the eggs in feces are eaten by human and skip the pig stage it can develop into oncosphere in human and go into muscle and tissue only with Tanea solium |
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| tapeworm reproduction: what are the reproductive parts of a tapeworm |
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| strobila: reproductive organs, along body segments proglottids: segments of reproductive organs gravid: terminal proglodid that become filled with eggs |
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| how do tapeworms usually reproduction, what is the exception |
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| autoinfection: egg hatches in humand and re-infects human sexual reproduction: eggs released in feces or accumulate in host indirect reproduction: development in intermediate host for maturing exception: H. nana non-indirect. comes directly from arthropod |
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| give 3 examples of tapeworms |
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| tanea saginata taenia solium E. granulosus |
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| where does E. granulosus infect |
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| GI, liver, lungs, brain |
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| what are the three types of arthropods, what characteristics define arthropids |
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| insects, arachnids, crustaceans exoskeleton, jointed apendages |
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| how do arachnids transfer infection |
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| mechanical: feces or contaminated soil to food biological: blood meal |
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| what are the types of arthropods by feeding |
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| blood feeders: mosquitoes, midges, bitiing flies, bugs, fleas, ticks mites: chiggers, scabes ectoparasites: lice, fleas, ticks, bot flies |
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| what are the types of arthropods by type of contact |
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| temporary: mosquito, tick permanent: louse, scabies |
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| what are the types of mosquitos, give an example of a disease they transfer |
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| ades: encephalitis, yellow fever, dengue anopheles: malaria, encephalitis culex and mansonia: encephalitis |
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| what are the types of ticks, what diseases do they carry |
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| dermacentor: RMSF, q fever, colorado tick fever loxodes: babesia, colorodo tick fever ornithodoros: norrelia hermasi |
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| what are the types of biting flies what type of disease do they transmit |
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| black: onchocerciasis phlebotomus: leishmania crysops: loa loa tsetse: t. brucei domestic, screw, bot: myiasis (maggots) |
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| how do bed bugs function, why do they do to people |
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| noctournal blood feders causes allergic reaction to their saliva |
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| what transmits T. crusi |
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| kissing, redubiid, assassin bug |
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| what diseases does a flea transfer |
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| rickettsia, H. nana, caninum, typhoid, Y. pestis (plague) |
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| what are the types of lice, what do they transmid |
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| pediculus humanus (body): relapsing fever, epidemia typhus, tranch fever peridulus capitus (head) |
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| what is the science name for crabs. where can it be located |
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| phthirus pubis pubic hair, beard, mustache, armpit, eyebrows, eyelash |
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| what problems does a bee sting case |
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| allergic reaction bua hemolyzing factor, histamine, epinepherine, anti-histamine |
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| what does black widdow toxin do |
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| neurotoxin causes abdominal cramps, hypertension, shock usually not fatal |
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| what does a brown recluse toxin do |
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| necrotizing wound larger dose more fatal |
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| what does a scorpion toxin do |
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| neurotoxin worse in kids and eldery pain, muscle spasm, respiratory paralysis |
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| what is another name for scabbes, how does it work |
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| sarcoptes scanei (skin mange) female burrows into skin and lays eggs larvae migrates through upper skin layer |
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| filariasis: what is it, where is it located, what does it do |
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| arthropod vector comes from bancroft or brugia malayi blocks lymph ducts by adults causing lymphadenitis, orchitis, elephantitis |
