Micro Final – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
| What are the 3 families of enveloped DNA viruses? |
answer
| Pox, Herpes, Hepadna |
question
| What are the 4 families of naked DNA viruses? |
answer
| Polyoma, Papilloma, Adeno, Parvo |
question
| What are the 2 families of NAKED +Stranded RNA Viruses? |
answer
| Picorna, Calici |
question
| What are the 3 families of ENVELOPED +Stranded RNA Viruses? |
answer
| Toga, Flavi, Corona |
question
| What are the 6 Families of Enveloped -Stranded RNA Viruses? |
answer
| Rhabdo, Filo, Orhtomyxo, Paramyxo, Bunya, Arena |
question
| What are the double-capsid +/- ambisense RNA viruses? |
answer
| Reo |
question
| What type of virus has an envelope and is +stranded RNA via DNA? |
answer
| Retroviruses |
question
| What is a virion? |
answer
| A biologically inert stage in the virus life cycle- a single virus particle that is not replicating |
question
| What is burst size? |
answer
| The number of virus particles per cell |
question
| What is uncoating? |
answer
| Removal of envelope and capsid and release of nucleic acid |
question
| How do DNA viruses transcribe mRNA? |
answer
| Using HOST RNA polymerase |
question
| How do +RNA viruses replicate? |
answer
| The RNA is used DIRECTLY as mRNA- there is no transcription |
question
| How do -RNA viruses replicate? |
answer
| Viral polymerase makes mRNA from the (-) strand RNA-dependent RNA polymerase |
question
| What is the process of new virus particles acquiring new membrane envelopes called? |
answer
| Budding- from host cell membrane |
question
| What are the 3 methods of viral entry into a cell? |
answer
| 1. ENDOCYTOSIS- host cell engulfs virus (viropexis) 2. FUSION- only enveloped viruses- membranes combine 3. DIRECT INJECTION- capsid and envelope stay outside of cell and only the nucleic acid enters |
question
| How do retroviruses copy their ssRNA chromosome into cDNA? |
answer
| Reverse transcriptase |
question
| What triggers Herpesviridae (DNA virus) to come out of latency? |
answer
| Stress |
question
| After exposure, viruses can only replicate in cells that express what? |
answer
| Specific receptors -Viral attachment proteins (VAP) |
question
| What are the 5 stages of viral infection? |
answer
| 1. incubation 2. prodromal 3. acute 4. resolution 5. convalescence |
question
| What are the characteristics of the prodromal stage? |
answer
| Headaches, fever, lethargy |
question
| What are the characteristics of the acute stage? |
answer
| Specific complex symptoms like pneumonia, diarrhea, rash |
question
| What happens in the resolution stage? |
answer
| A decrease in the severity of symptoms |
question
| What happens in the convalescence stage? |
answer
| Symptoms are largely gone; body still recovering |
question
| What happens in a lytic infection? |
answer
| The cell allows viral replication until the cells die |
question
| What happens in a persistent (chronic) infection? |
answer
| Slow release of viral particles without lysing the cell Virions continuously released CARRIER |
question
| What happens in a latent infection? |
answer
| After initial infection the virus becomes inactive and INCORPORATES INTO HOST GENOME -later, it is triggered by stress, or some other factor, and reactivates |
question
| What is a syncytia? |
answer
| A multinucleated giant cell- USEFUL DIAGNOSTIC- fusion of cell membranes |
question
| What are inclusion bodies? |
answer
| Obvious changes to the cell on microscopy that are useful diagnostically |
question
| What is a Negri body? |
answer
| An inclusion body in the cytoplasm found in RABIES infection |
question
| What is an Owl's Eye inclusion? |
answer
| A characteristic inclusion body in the cell nucleus caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS |
question
| Name the 8 main viruses in the herpesviridae family: |
answer
| Herpes Simplex 1,2 (HSV 1,2) Varicella Zoster (VZV) Epstein Barr (EBV) Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Human Herpesvirus- (HHV 6-8) |
question
| Do herpesviridae viruses have an envelope and how does this effect transmission? |
answer
| Yes, and it makes them less sturdy, preventing GI or fecal oral transmission |
question
| What is a fusion protein? |
answer
| Can cause fusion- as it leaves once cell and enters another it gets the cells to fuse and creates a SYNCYTIUM |
question
| What types of viruses cause a SYNCYTIUM? |
answer
| Herpes and paramyxoviruses |
question
| What is the site of latency for the HSV and VZV? |
answer
| Ganglia: HSV-1- Trigeminal HSV-2- Sacral VZV- Dorsal Root |
question
| What viruses go latent in the ganglia? |
answer
| HSV and VZV |
question
| What viruses go latent in the White Blood Cells? |
answer
| EBV, CMV, and HHV-6 |
question
| Considering the symptoms of HSV-1 and HSV-2, which is usually below the waist and which is usually above? |
answer
| HSV-1 is usually ABOVE the waist and HSV-2 is usually BELOW the waist |
question
| What is the second leading STD in the country? |
answer
| HSV-2 |
question
| Why does the HSV virus require close contact for spread? |
answer
| Because it has an envelope, it is less sturdy |
question
| What 3 viruses are characterized by VESICULAR RASH that is LOADED WITH VIRUS? |
answer
| HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV -vesicle with a RED BASE |
question
| What viruses are characterized by a rash that can be called "dewdrop on a rose"? |
answer
| HSV-1 and HSV-2 |
question
| Why does HSV hide in the nerve ganglia? |
answer
| It is protected from immune surveillance |
question
| What are 6 triggers of HSV viral REACTIVATION? |
answer
| Trauma, stress, UV radiation, hormones, spices, immunosuppression |
question
| What are the sites of primary symptoms in HSV-1 infection? |
answer
| Orofacial- gingivostomatitis Recurrent Stomatitis (cold sores) Ocular herpes Encephalitis Herpes gladitorium/Whitlow |
question
| What herpes virus causes recurrent stomatitis, and what is it? |
answer
| HSV-1- COLD SORES |
question
| Which Herpes Simplex Virus is an STD? |
answer
| HSV-2 |
question
| Which virus causes major mouth inflammation with vesicles that become ulcers? |
answer
| HSV-1 |
question
| How does recurrent stomatitis usually start and what virus causes it? |
answer
| Pain/tingling where the sores will eventually erupt; HSV-1 PRODROME |
question
| Which virus causes ocular herpes, how does it spread, and what is its clinical relevance? |
answer
| HSV-1; autoinoculation; one of the most common causes of corneal damage and blindness worldwide |
question
| What are dendritic ulcerations, and what virus causes them? |
answer
| Branching Ulcerations on the EYE- A BUZZ WORD FOR HSV-1 |
question
| What virus is the NUMBER 1 CAUSE OF VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS? |
answer
| HSV-1 |
question
| During the neonatal period, what virus is usually the cause of neonatal encephalitis? |
answer
| HSV-2 |
question
| What is herpes gladitorium, what virus causes it, and what is the main population that gets it? |
answer
| Dermatitis- lesions on head and neck; HSV-1; wrestlers and rugby players |
question
| In HSV-1 encephalitis, what region of the brain usually has issues? |
answer
| orbital, frontal and TEMPORAL lobes- usually only one hemisphere |
question
| How is HSV-1 encephalitis detected? |
answer
| PCR detection of HSV in the CSF |
question
| What is the average air speed velocity of an unladen swallow? |
answer
| African, or European? |
question
| If you see an HSV-2 infection in a child before puberty, you should immediately suspect what horrible thing? |
answer
| Sexual Abuse |
question
| What are the characteristics of primary genital infections of HSV-2 in FEMALES? |
answer
| PROFUSE WATERY DISCHARGE Tenderness and burning Vesicular lesions that rupture leaving SHALLOW TENDER ULCERS COVERED IN YELLOW-GRAY EXUDATE SURROUNDED BY A RED AREA "DEWDROPS ON A ROSE" |
question
| What are the characteristics of primary genital infections of HSV-2 in MALES? |
answer
| Vesicles on penis- average of 6-10 lesions Fever, dysuria, inguinal adenopathy, malaise, stiff neck, photophobia CAN SPREAD TO MENINGES |
question
| What is Herpetic Whitlow? |
answer
| Primary infection of fingers- physicians, nurses, respiratory therapists, dental personnel SEVERE TISSUE DISRUPTION AND INTENSE LOCAL PAIN |
question
| How is HSV-2 encephalitis (meningitis) acquired? |
answer
| Infants born to HSV-2 positive mothers during passage through birth canal -lesions found on eye, mouth, etc -can be deadly |
question
| What drug is used to treat primary herpes infections? |
answer
| Acyclovir- must be administered within one week of lesion -IV administration for encephalitis |
question
| What is the drug that prevents the spread of herpes? |
answer
| VALTREX |
question
| What herpesviridae virus is spread through the respiratory tract, can get to the CNS, and has a different primary presentation than reactivation presentation? |
answer
| Chicken Pox (Varicella Zoster) |
question
| When is a person infected with chicken pox most contagious and how do they spread the virus? |
answer
| Right before the rash appears; respiratory droplets |
question
| What are the characteristics of primary VZV infection? |
answer
| Low fever, malaise (prodrome) Maculopapular lesions beginning around scalp and spreading Vesicular lesions Crusting scabs |
question
| What virus can cause maculopapular lesions, vesicular lesions, and crusting scabs IN WAVES all at the same time? |
answer
| Varicella Zoster (Chicken Pox) |
question
| What should NOT be given during VZV infection and why? |
answer
| Aspirin- can cause Reye's syndrome: profuse projectile vomiting and symptoms of encephalitis |
question
| What drug can be given to treat severe VZV in immunosuppressed children and adults with Varicella pneumonia"? |
answer
| Acyclovir |
question
| What symptom of VZV reactivation is NEVER a sign of primary infection? |
answer
| Shingles- usually one single dermatome on one side |
question
| If a patient with shingles spreads VZV to another person, what will be the recipients clinical presentation? |
answer
| PRIMARY INFECTION (CHICKENPOX) and not shingles |
question
| What type of vaccines are used against VZV? |
answer
| Live attenuated OR passive immunization via Varicella-Zoster Immune Globulin (VZIG) |
question
| What are 5 diseases associated with Epstein-Barr virus? |
answer
| Infectious Mononucleosis; Burkitt's Lymphoma; Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma; Chronic EBV; Lymphoproliferative Disease |
question
| What is the primary target cell for the EBV? |
answer
| Epithelial cells of the oropharynx- especially parotid glands- persistent lytic infection |
question
| What is special about the infection of B-cells by Epstein-Barr Virus? |
answer
| B-cells DO NOT SUPPORT lytic EBV infection- the virus can infect the B-cells because they have the receptor, but it does not complete replication so no virus is produced |
question
| What is the biggest problem with EBV infecting B-cells? |
answer
| Since the virus doesn't lyse the cells, it can end up causing cancer |
question
| On a cellular level, how can we describe what happens during EBV infection? |
answer
| "A civil war between B and T cells" MAJOR IMMUNE SELF-PROLIFERATION |
question
| What are the symptoms of the prodrome phase of infectious mono (glandular fever)? |
answer
| Low-grade fever, chills, anorexia, fatigue, malaise, myalgia, RETRO-ORBITAL HEADACHE, abdominal fullness -lasts 5-7 days |
question
| How is EBV transmitted? |
answer
| SALIVA |
question
| What are the major clinical manifestations of infectious mononucleosis? |
answer
| Pharyngitis: deep sore throat Cervical Lymphadenopathy: Bilateral, super swollen LN Fever: undulant, PEAKS IN AFTERNOON AND EVENING; night sweats PROFOUND FATIGUE, Splenomegaly |
question
| What drug will CAUSE a rash in patients with infectious mononucleosis? |
answer
| Ampicillin |
question
| What are the hallmark laboratory signs of infectious mononucleosis? |
answer
| ATYPICAL LYMPHOCYTES- reactive Sticking to red blood cells- -off-center nucleus, lots of cytoplasm -USUALLY T-CELLS |
question
| What is the most common serological test for infectious mono? |
answer
| HETEROPHILE Antibody Test- |
question
| What is the Heterophile Antibody Test? |
answer
| IgM antibodies that bind to sheep and horse RBCs- production of these antibodies is unique to EBV and is therefore diagnostic |
question
| What is Burkitt's Lymphoma? |
answer
| AFRICA AND PAPUA NEW GUINEA -likely cocarcinogen is malaria -tumors forming near jaw, but other places as well- EBNA protein |
question
| What is nasopharyngeal carcinoma? |
answer
| A tumor originating from the nasopharyngeal epithelium- aggressive -metastatic to lymph nodes ***CHINESE VERY SUSCEPTIBLE*** |
question
| What is EBV lymphoproliferative disease? |
answer
| Usually found in people with T-cell deficiency, as in post transplant -Polyclonal leukemia -B-cell proliferative disease- T-cells cant keep control -Hodgkin's Lymphoma |
question
| During what two periods of life are most CMV infections acquired? |
answer
| Infancy and Reproductive Years |
question
| What is the leading congenital infection in the US? |
answer
| Cytomegalovirus- CROSSES PLACENTA |
question
| What population is at greatest risk of CMV infection and what is the big deal? |
answer
| CMV crosses placenta It is the most common VIRAL cause of birth defects Can lead to mental retardation, hearing loss, and fetal death |
question
| Where should pregnant women not go if they don't want to catch CMV and during what stage of pregnancy are they at greatest risk for catching it? |
answer
| Daycare centers- contact with children under 24 months; First 2 trimesters |
question
| What can we be sure of if a patient is Heterophil-Negative? |
answer
| The patient is CMV+ (not EBV) |
question
| What do you automatically know if on the test the question says "HETEROPHIL-NEGATIVE"? |
answer
| CMV all the way, baby |
question
| What virus causes a "blueberry muffin" rash or a Blueberry Muffin Baby? |
answer
| CMV |
question
| What virus is suspected in immunocompromised patients that develop interstitial lung infiltrates? |
answer
| CMV pneumonia |
question
| What is the hallmark microscopy diagnostic presentation of CMV? |
answer
| OWLS EYE INCLUSIONS |
question
| What drugs are used to treat CMV? |
answer
| Ganciclovir- BM transplants, chorioretinitis, colitis in AIDS patients, graft recipients, transplant patients Foscarnet- to manage chorioretinitis CMV Immune Globulin-(CYTOGAM)- prevent CMV in high risk patients |
question
| What is Roseola, and what causes it? |
answer
| "6th disease"- High fever for several days followed by rash FEVER DISSIPATES THEN RASH APPEARS Caused by HHV6 (and 7) |
question
| How is HHV-6 spread, and what is the name of the clinical presentation? |
answer
| Respiratory Droplets; Roseola (Exanthem Subitum) |
question
| Where does HHV-6 replicate? |
answer
| T and B cells |
question
| What virus causes Kaposi's Sarcoma? |
answer
| HHV-8 |
question
| What is the major clinical presentation of HHV-8, and in what patient population? |
answer
| Kaposi's Sarcoma; HIV patients |
question
| What drug can be given to decrease KS lesions in HIV patients? |
answer
| Gancyclovir/foscarnet |
question
| What other infection has a similar rash to Kaposi's Sarcoma, and how can it be distinguished? |
answer
| Bartonella- bacillary angiomatosis -looks like KS but not as widespread -The RASH IS MORE RAISED but same color |
