question

the genome in bacteria is a?

answer

single, closed loop of double stranded DNA

question

the genome is held together by?

answer

hydrogen bonds

question

hydrogen bonds holding the genomes occur in only what pairs?

answer

AT
-or-
CG

question

a gene is a?

answer

segment of DNA, (a sequence of nucleotides)

question

genes code for?

answer

a functional product, usually a protein

question

when a gene is expressed

answer

DNA is transcribed to prduce RNA

mRNA is then translated into proteins

question

the DNA in a cell does _____ before division?

answer

duplicates, so that each daughter cell receives the same genetic material

question

during replication the two strands of DNA separate at the ______

answer

replication fork

question

during replication each strand is used as a template by DNA polymerase to synthesize?

answer

two new strands of DNA

(rule of nitrogenous base pairing)

question

DNA can only be replicated in what direction?

answer

the 5-->3 direction
this means one strand is coded continuously and the other is coded discontinuously

question

another name for the replication process

answer

semiconservative

question

semiconcervative

answer

names so because each new double-stranded DNA molecule contains one original and one new complementary strand

question

in replication each daughter bacterium receives?

answer

a chromosome that is virtually identical to the parents

question

during transcription, the enzyme RNA polymerase?

answer

synthesizes a strand of R?NA from one strand of the double stranded DNA that serves as a template

question

RNA is synthesize in what direction

answer

5-->3

same as DNA

question

the process in which the information in the nucleotide base sequence of mRNA is used to dictate the amino acid sequence of a protein

answer

translation

question

the mRNA associates with

answer

ribosomes, which consist of rRNA and protein

question

three-base segments of mRNA that specify amino acids are called?

answer

codons

question

why is the genetic code in translation degenerate

answer

most amino acids are coded for by more that one codon(three-base segment of mRNA)

question

how many sense codons

how many non-sense codons(stop codons)

answer

61

3

question

specific amino acids are attached to?

answer

molecules of tRNA

question

the anti-codon is located on what

answer

tRNA

question

the base pairing of codon and anticodon at the ribosome results in what?

answer

specific amino acids being brought to the site of protein synthesis

question

the ribosome moves along the mRNA strand as amino acids are joined to form ____?

answer

a growing polypeptide

question

in prokaryotes, translation can begin before___?

answer

transcription is complete

question

in the regulation of bacterial gene expression, the regulation of protein synthesis at the gene level is energy efficient because

answer

proteins are synthesized only as needed

question

in the regulation of bacterial gene expression constitutive enzymes are produced?

answer

continually by the cell,

question

a series of enzymes which are produced at the same time because they are all used fro the same pathway

answer

operon

question

this controls the synthesis of one or several repressible enzymes in the regulation of bacterial gene expression

answer

repression

question

when cells are exposed to a particular end-product during repression this happens?

answer

synthesis of enzymes related to that product decreases.

question

the process by which certain chemicals (inducers) trigger the cell to synthesize more enyzmes

answer

induction

question

example of induction

answer

lactose is an inducer of B-galactosidase in E. coli which enables the bacteria to metabolize lactose

question

permanent changes in genome is known as what?

answer

mutation

question

mutations may be?

answer

spontaneous or induced

question

type of mutation that comes from a single base change and may be missense, nonsense,or silent mutations

answer

point mutations

question

transfer of DNA between bacteria can occur by what processes

answer

conjugation, transformation, and transduction

question

the use of microorganisms, celss, or cell components to make a product such as foods, antibiotics, vitamins, or enzymes.

answer

biotechnology

question

DNA that has bwen artificially manipulated to combine genes from two different sources

answer

recombinant DNA

question

the insertion or modification of genes to produce desired proteins

answer

recombinant DNA technology

question

in recombinant DNA technology a desired gene is inserted into a?

answer

DNA vector, such as a plasmid or a viral genome.

question

the vector inserts what?

answer

DNA into a new cell, which is grown to form a clone.

question

in recombinant DNA technology large quantities of the gene product can?

answer

be harvested from the clone

question

tools of biotechnology:

selection

answer

microbes with desirable traits are selected for culturing by artificial selection

question

tools of biotechnology:

mutation

answer

mutagens are used to cause mutations that might result in a microbe with desirable traits.

question

tools of biotechnology:

site directed mutagenesis

answer

used to change a specific codon in a gene

question

tools of biotechnology:

restriction enzymes

answer

restriction enzymes recognize and cut only one particular nucleotide sequence in DNA

question

some restriction enzymes produce?

answer

sticky ends, (short stretches of single0stranded DNA at the ends of the DNA fragments.)

question

fragments of DNA produced by the restriction enzyme will?

answer

spontaneously join by base pairing, and DNA ligase can covalently link the DNA backbones.

question

plasmids that can exist in several different species

answer

shuttle vectors

question

a plasmid containing a new gene can be inserted into a cell using a shuttle vector by what process?

answer

transformation

question

a virus containing a new gene can insert the gene into a cell using what?

answer

shuttle vector

question

used to make multiple copies of a desired pieces of DNA enzymatically

answer

polymeraze chain reaction

question

made by cutting up an entire genome with restriction enzymes and inserting the fragments into bacterial plasmids of phages

answer

gene libraries

question

what kind of DNA can by cloned in gene libraries

answer

complementary DNA (cDNA) made from mRNA by reverse transcriptase

question

uses to make in vitro synthetic DNA

answer

synthesis machine

question

used to introduce a new gene into a cloning host

answer

vectors

question

e coli or accharomyces cerevisiae are often used to produce proteins by recombinant DNA why?

answer

because they easily grow and their genomics are well known. the cells are usually lysed to recover the protein.

question

cloned DNA is used to?

answer

produce products, study the cloned DNA, and alter the phenotype of an organism

question

therapeutic applications of recombinant DNA technology

answer

insulin, subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines, gene therapy, and the human genome project

question

destruction of all microbial life

answer

sterilization

question

destruction or removal of vegetative pathogens from inert surfaces

answer

disinfection

question

destruction or inhibition of vegetative pathogens on living tissue

answer

antisepsis

question

a chemical that destroys bacteria

answer

bacteriocide

question

agents that inhibit or prevent the growth of bacteria

answer

bacteriostatic

question

removal of microorganisms to "safe level of standards"

answer

decontamination

question

actions of mecrobial control agents

answer

affecting cell wall synthesis

alternation of membrane permeability

damage to proteins

damage to nucleic acids

question

dry heat

answer

dry heat sterilization kills by oxidation

question

example of dry heat

answer

incenteration, dry ovens use hot air sterilization

question

moist heat

answer

denatures proteins and DNA whil destroying membranes

question

example of moist heat

answer

autoclave, steam under pressure.
for steam sterilization to work the steam must contact items surface

question

example of moist heat

answer

pasturization, reduces spoilage organisms and pathogens, but does not sterilize.

question

low temperature

answer

inhibits microbial growth

question

filtration

answer

removes microbes from liquids and gases

question

radiation

answer

damages DNA

question

ionizing radiation (X-rays, gamma rays, electron beams) produces?

answer

highly reactive hydroxyl radical which damage DNA

question

NONIONIZING RADIATION (uv) does what?

answer

produces thymine dimes in DNA

question

chemical methods of microbial control

answer

phenolics

alcohols

oxidizers

heavy metals

surfactants

alkylators

question

the first antiseptic used in surgery

answer

phenol

question

disrupts plasma membranes, and precipitates proteins

answer

lysol

question

surfactant and protein denaturant

answer

chlorhexidine

question

dissolve membrane lipids and coagulate proteins

answer

alcohols

ethyl and isopropyl

question

hydrogen peroxide,iodine, and chlorine

answer

strong oxidizers

question

Ag, Hg, an Cu oligodynamic action, denatures proteins

answer

heavy metals

question

quaternary ammonium compounds that disrupt plasma membranes

answer

surfactants

question

glutaraldehyde, formaldehyd, and ethylene oxide alkylate proteins and DNA

answer

alkylators

question

a gas sterilizer that requires a long exposure time to be effective

answer

ethylene oxide (alkylator)

question

the use of drugs to treat a disease

answer

chemotherapy

question

drugs that interfere with the growth of microbes within a host

answer

antimicrobial drugs

question

a substance produced by a microbe that, in small amounts, inhibits another microbe.

answer

antibiotics

question

a drug that kills harmful microbes without damaging the host

answer

selective toxicity

question

kills microorganisms directly

answer

bacteriocidal

question

prevents microorganisms from growing

answer

bacteriostatic

question

this dude descovered penicillin in 1928 by using penicillium

answer

fleming

question

these dudes performed the first clinical trials of penicillin in 1940

answer

howard florey and ernst chain

question

inhibitors of cell wall synthesis:
peptidoglycan biosynthesis

answer

phosphomycin, d-cycloserine

question

inhibitors of cell wall synthesis:
lipid carrier inhibitors

answer

vancomycin, bacitracin

question

inhibitors of cell wall synthesis:
B-lactams(penicllins and cephalosporins)

answer

prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan in actively growing cells, but have little toxicity for human cells which do not make peptidoglycan

question

penicilin and related antibiotics are susceptible to?

answer

penicillinases

question

injury to the plasma membrane:

answer

polymyxin B injures the plasma membranes of bacteria, but can only be used topically due to toxicity

question

inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis:
quinolones and fluoroquinolones(ciprofloxacin)

answer

this inhibits replication of DNA by inhibiting the enzyme DNA gyrase

question

inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis:
rifamycins(rifampin)

answer

inhibits the synthesis of mRNA

question

inhibitors of protein synthesis:
oxazolidones(linezolid)

answer

this binds to the 50s subunit of ribosome and prevent initiation of protein synthesis

question

inhibitors of protein synthesis:
aminoglycosides(streptomycin, neomycin)

answer

inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30s portion of the ribosome, changing its shape, and causing the mRNA to be read incorrectly.

question

inhibitors of protein syntheis:
tetracyclines

answer

inhibit protein synthesis by interfering with attachment of tRNA to the mRNA ribosome complex

question

inhibitors of protein synthesis:
chloramphenicol

answer

inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50s portion of the ribosome and inhibits formation of the peptide bond

question

inhibitors of protein synthesis:
macrolides(erythromycin)

answer

inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50s portion of the ribosome and preventing translocation

question

the movement of the ribosome along the mRNA

answer

translocation

question

competitive inhibitors of the synthesis of essential metabolites:
sulfonamides and trimethoprim

answer

these competitively inhibit the conversion of para-aminobenzoic acid, a precursor of folic acid which is critical in the synthesis of DNA,RNA, and protein.

question

when to things work together to make a result greater than either one could make alone

1+1=3

answer

synergism

question

inhibitors of cell wall synthesis:

answer

peptidoglycan biosynthesis

lipid carrier inhibitors

b-lactams

question

inhibitors of nucleic acid:

answer

quinolones

rifamycins

question

inhibitors of protein synthesis:

answer

oxazolidones

aminoglycosides

tetracyclines

chloramphenicol

macrolides

question

competitive inhibitors of synthesis of essential metabolites:

answer

sulfonamides

trimethoprim

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