Micro bmc 2 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers| science used to classify organism is called? |
| Taxonomy |
| Population of cells derived from a single cell is called |
| Clone |
| Genetically different cells within a clone is called |
| Strain |
| Hierarchy of taxonomy |
Domain kingdom phyllum class order family genus species |
| Methods of classification in microbiology |
Morphological ccharacteristic differential staining biochemical tests serology phase typing flow cytometry |
| The classification of organisms in an ordered system that indicates natural relationships. |
| taxonomy |
| A taxonomic category or group, such as a phylum, order, family, genus, or species |
| taxon |
| (biology) the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms |
| phylogeny |
| The growing of microorganisms, tissue cells, or other living matter in a specially prepared nutrient medium |
| Culture |
| A cell, group of cells, or organism that is descended from and genetically identical to a single common ancestor, such as a bacterial colony whose members arose from a single original cell. |
| Clone |
The study of the evolutionary history of organisms Biology The systematic classification of organisms and the evolutionary relationships among them; taxonomy |
| systematics |
| The evolutionary development and history of a species or higher taxonomic grouping of organisms |
| phylogeny |
| Placing organisms in group of related species |
| Classification |
| Matching characteristics of an unknown organism to lists of known organisms |
| Identification |
| Method of identification for the Eukaryotes |
| Morphological characteristic |
Method of identification using gram stain/acid fast staining |
| Different staining |
Method of identification determining the presence of bacterial enzymes |
| Biochemical tests |
| Method of identification using serum and antigen/Immune system, antibodies |
| serology |
| Method of identification useful to trace the origin of a disease |
| Phage typing |
| Method of identification using fluorescence, selective stain, conductivity |
| Flow cytometry |
| Method of identification widely used and based on suggestive questions with possible 2 answers? |
| Dichotomous key |
| Method of identification using bacteria synthesizing fatty acid |
| Fatty acid and profile |
| Method of identification using DNA base composition, fingerprinting, nucleic acid |
| Genetics |
| is responsible for the 1st and 2nd line of defense? |
| Innnate immunity |
| is responsible for the third line of defense? |
| adaptive immunity |
| Body defense present from birth again any microorganisms |
| Innate Immunity |
| Body defense against specific microorganisms |
| adaptive immunity |
| Characteristic of innate immunity |
From birth Provide rapid response No memory response first and second line of defense |
| Characteristic of adaptive immunity? |
Specific to microorganism activate when immune response is inadequate Slower response Has a memory response Third line of defense |
| Inner thicker portion of skin |
| Dermis |
| Outer thinner portion of skin |
| Epidermis |
| What comprise the first line of defense |
Instant skin mucous membrane normal microbiota |
| Comprise the second line of defense |
Phagocytes Inflammation Fever Antimicrobial substance |
| Phase of phagocytosis |
Chemotaxis Adherence ingerence digestion |
| The most common chemical factor in the immune response is ? |
| ______, ___________, and _____________comprise the first line of defense |
Intact skin, Mucous membrane, normal microbiota |
1. __________, __________, ___________, and ___________comprise the second line of defense. |
Phagocytes inflammation fever antimicrobial substance |
1. The most common chemical factor in the immune response is ____.
|
1. The phases of phagocytosis are __________, ___________, __________, and ___________. |
Chemotaxis Adherence ingestion digestion |
1. is the study of where and when diseases occur. |
| Epidemiology |
1. is the study of a disease. |
| pathology |
| is the study of the cause of a disease |
| Etiology |
1. describes a relationship between 2 organisms in which one always benefits. |
| Symbiosis |
1. describes a relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is unaffected. |
| Commensalism |
1. describes a relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is harmed. |
| Parasitism |
1. describes a relationship where both organisms benefit. |
| mutualism |
1. describes competition among microbes. |
| Microbial antagonist |
1. Normal micobiota protect the host by , , and -----------------------------. |
Occupying space Producing acid producing bacteriocies |
1. The major significance of Koch’s postulates is . |
| microbes causes diseases |
| List of Koch's postulate |
1. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease. 2. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture. 3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal. 4. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism |
1. List the exceptions to Koch’s postulates. |
Exceptions: If the organism cannot be grown in the laboratory on artificial media If the disease is caused by more than one organism If the disease only occurs in humans If the organism causes more than one disease |
| Stages of diseases |
incubation prodromal period of illness period of decline period of convalescense
|
| Infection that do not show any sign of incubation at time of admission;hospital based infection |
| Nosocomial Infection |
| Most common HAI infection |
| Urinary infection |
| Location of the CDC |
| Atlanta |
| Restropective study of data |
| Descriptive epidemiology |
| look for common characteristics to establish cause and effect |
| Analytical epidemiology |
| Science starting with hypothesis, followed by experiments and studies testing hypothesis? |
| Experimental epidemiology |
| portals of entry |
Skin, mucous membranes parenteral route |
| Colonization of the body by pathogens |
| Infection |
| An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally |
| Disease |
normal organism in the body who does not cause disease in normal habitat in a healthy person? permanently colonize the host. |
| Normal microbiota |
| are members of the normal flora that are not always present or are present for only a few days, weeks, or months before disappearing |
| Transcient microbiota |
| organism that exists harmlessly as part of the normal human body environment and does not become a health threat until the body's immune system fails |
| Opportunistic Pathogens |
| Communicable diseases vs non communicable diseases? |
A communicable disease can be spead from person to person>chicken pox
A non-communicable disease is a disease that can not be spread from person to person>tetanus |
| Dev of disease |
| Pathogenesis |
| Microorganism capable of causing disease |
| Pathogen |
| Sites where pathogens enter the body |
| Portal of entry |
| Source of infection can come From the outside or the inside of the body? |
Exogenous Endogenous |
Majority of pathogens have their ? If pathogens enters the wrong portal? |
Preferred portal of entry but some infectious agent can have more than one portal> Strep, staph infection will not occur>influenza
|
| Site of pathogen leaving the infected person to infect others |
| Portal of exit |
| Live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended, to excert a beneficial effect |
| Probiotics |
| A change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease |
| Symptoms |
| A change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease |
| Sign |
| A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease |
| Syndrome |
| A disease that is easily spread from one host to another |
| Contagious disease>Chickenpox, measles |
Fraction of the population that contract a disease during a specific time |
| incidence of disease |
| Fraction of the population having a specific disease at a given time |
| Prevalence |
| disease that occurs occasionally in a population |
| Sporadic disease |
| Disease constantly present in a population? |
| Endemic disease |
| disease acquired by many host in a given area in a short time? |
| Epidemic disease |
| World wide epidemic |
| Pandemic |
| immunity in most of a population |
| herd immunity |
| disease symptoms develop rapidly |
| Acute disease |
| Disease develops slowly |
| Chronic disease |
| symptoms disease between acute and chronic |
| subacute disease |
| Disease with a period of no symptoms when the causative agent is inactive |
| Latent disease>shingles |
| pathogens infection are limited to a small area? |
| Local infection |
| An infection throughout the body |
| Systemic infection |
| local infection spreading to another area of the body and remains confined |
| focaL infection>tonsils, sinuses |
| toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins from a focus of infection |
| sepsis |
| bacteria in the blood |
| Bacteremia |
| growth of bacteria in the blood |
| Septicemia |
| Toxins in the blood |
| toxemia |
| Viremia |
| Viruses in the blood |
| Acute infection causing initial illness |
| Primary infection |
| Opportunistic infection after a primary predisposing infection |
| Secondary infection |
| no noticeable signs or symptoms of disease |
| Subclinical disease |
| Making the body more susceptible to disease? |
| Predisposing factor |
| Reservoir of disease? |
| Continual sources of infection, aids, hiv, animal, soil, h20 |
| Transmission of disease by? |
Contact Vehicle Vector |
| Transmission of disease can be by conctact, how? |
Direct Indirect>objets Droplet>airborne |
| Transmission of disease by an inanimate reservoir |
| Vehicle transmission |
| Vector transmission can be? |
mechanical>carries pathogen on feet>mosquito
Biological> pathogen reproduces in vector>larva |
| Nosocomial infection result from interaction of several factors |
Microorganisms in hospital Compromised status of the host Chain of transmission
|
| Resistance to Infection is impaired by disease, therapy or burns? |
| Compromised host |
| Common infection in hospital? |
| UTI |
3 main method of epidemiology investigation/
|
Descriptive Analytical experimental |
| retrospective studies of data that has accumulated over time |
| Descriptive |
| Look for common characteristics and other risk factors to establish cause & effect |
| Analytical |
hypotheses about common habits, places of exposure or sources can be tested and identified?
|
| Experimental |
| Incidence of a specific notifiable disease |
| Morbidity |
| Death from a notifiable diseases |
| Mortality |
| number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given period |
| Morbidity rate |
| Number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time |
| Mortality rate |
| health care workers report specified disease to local, state and national offices |
| Case reporting |
| Physicians are required to report to report occurence |
| Nationally notifiable diseases |
1. The 4 groups of bacteria are:
a. ____________
b. ____________
c. ____________
d. ____________
|
Gram Positive Cocci Gram Positive Bacilli Gram Negative Cocci Gram Negative Bacilli
|
1. Staph aureus is called MRSA when the _____________ is resistant. |
| oxicillin |
1. ___________ ___________ ___________ refers to a group of Staphylococcus that is normally less virulent, but can be opportunistic. |
coagulase, negative staph |
1. _________, __________, __________, __________ and ___________ are called beta hemolytic streps. |
Group A Group B Group C GroupD |
1. Group _______ is of concern in pregnancy. |
| Group B |
1. Group _______ causes strep throat. |
| Group A |
1. VRE stands for __________ ____________ ______________. |
| Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus |
1. ________________ refers to Neisseria meningitis. |
| meningococcus |
1. ________________ refers to Neisseria gonorrhoeae. |
| Gonococcus |
1. ________________ refers to Streptococcus pneumoniae. |
| Pseumo coccus |
| Most common cause of a UTI is ____________ __________. |
| E coli |
1. ______________ ______________ is a problem in hot tubs, saunas, and whirlpools. |
| Pseudomona Aeruginosa |
1. _____________ ______________ used to be the cause of meningitis in young children. |
| Haemophilus influenza |
1. Pseudomembraneous colitis is caused by ___________ __________. |
| C diff |
