Micro biolog ch 4 – Flashcards
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Unlock answerswhere are sterols found
what are the two exceptions |
sterol found in eukaryotes
also in bacterial methanotrophic bacteria and mycoplasmas |
what kind of membrane strengtheing angents are in methanotrophic and mycoplasmas
what domain are they in |
they are the exceptions of STEROL strengthening agents
they are in the domain bacteria NOT found in ARCHAEA |
| what domain uses predominately hopanoid cell membrane strengthening agent |
| bacteria NOT ARCHAEA |
what are the characteristics of archaea membrane
3 characteristics |
| archaea membranes are MONOLAYERED, they lack fattyacids--> have isoprene instead --> they have no cell wall |
| benefit of a monolayer phospholipid in archaea?? |
| decreased chance of seperation from heat--> that's why ;most are archaea are thermophiles; |
characteristics of carrier mediated transport systems; |
they have SATURATION EFFECT; high SPECIFITCITY REGULATED |
function of carrier mediated transport systems; |
| Assist in transporting specific nutrients against their concentration gradient; |
| three major transport systems in PROKARYOTES |
1. SIMPLE TRANSPORT GROUP TRANSLOCATION ABC SYSTEM |
| what is simple transport dependent on; |
| PMF |
describe function of group translocation; ; give an example of one ; what is required |
- transformed chemically during transport across the membrane; ; the phosphotransferase system req 5 proteins; |
| where does the energy for phosphotransferase system come from; |
phosphoenolpyruvate ; kind of obvious because all of these are energy terminologies; phos/pyruvate; |
what is a ABC transport system; ; what is required; |
ATP binding protein (ABC) ;gives periplasmic binding protein energy inorder to move substrate across is required periplasmic bonding protein reside in the PERIPLASM of bacteria CM |
| ;what are the 3 methods for protein export |
1. tranlocases 2. sec translocase system 3. type 3 secretion systems |
function sec systems ; what is required for a protein to be exported etc. |
sec= secretory stem ; system both exports proteins and inserts them in to membrane; specific tags + uses ATP |
| where mainly are enzymes found in gram negative bacteria? |
| pereiplasm |
| how many proteins are required for sec translocase to undergo function; |
| 7 proteins!!! wow |
| which transport (sec/ translocase/ phosphtransferase/abc/or simple PMF transport) is best suited for transport of nutrients present in the enviroment at extrememly low concentrations |
| ABC transport systems- ;because this transport system has periplasmic binding proteins that can be specialized in picking up very SPECIFIC nutrients etc with the help of ATP;, even at low concentrations; |
what is phosphotransferase very specific too? ; energy source ; proteins required |
transporting glucose ;or sugars- energy drived from phospho-en-ol-pyruvate; ; require 5 proteins |
| function of type 3 secretion systems; |
| common in pathogenic bacteria- secreted protein translocated direcyly into house |
techoic acid is prevalent in what domain? ; what is it's function? |
gram positive bacteria's cell wall Function: Ca and Mg are attracted to the neg techoic acid making the cell wall's overall structure more stable
|
what 2 sugars is peptidoglycan composed of
hint: murG |
N-acetyl-gluco s-amine
Na-acetyl- mura-mic acid
murG |
| what are the 2 sugars that make up peptidoglycan connected by?** |
| B- 1,4 linkage |
| how does lysozyme break down peptidoglycan?? |
| it attaches the beta-1,4 bond joining the two sugars together |
| what us a bacterium that lacks a cell wall called? |
Protoplast
BLAST - plast--> lacking |
| all of that was gram positive |
| Now we move on to gram negative |
| outermembrane of Gram-Negative bacteria is sometimes referred to as ________, why? |
| outer layers is composed of lipids and polysaccaries (larger OUTER LAYER) LPS--> lipopolysaccaride |
| what does LPS replace most of in the outer half of the outer membrane |
| phospholipid |
| what is responsible for the differences between grame positive and gram negative bacteria during gram staining? |
outer layer composition one having more peptidoglycan and one have more greater outer membrane (LPS gram -) |
| OKAY that was gram negative bacteria |
| Now we, move on to archaea cell walls |
| what is similiar to the polysaccaride in peptidoglycan in bacteria but in archea??** |
| pseudomurein |
| what is pseudomurein composed of different from peptidoglycan |
| N acetylglucoasmine + N acetyl oaminuronic acid |
| glycosidic bonds between the two sugar derivitaves are what differing from peptidoglycan beta- 1,4 |
| beta- 1,3 |
| what is the most common cell wall type among archaea |
| paracrystalline surface layer or (S-layer) |
what is the S-layer composed
function 2 |
protein and glycoprotein 1. structural reinforment 2. keep proteins near the surface |
| 3 characteristics of archaea cell surface structure |
1. capsule/slime layers 2. fimbriae 3. pilli |
| special function of pili |
- a filamentous protein structure )longer the fimbriae) "P comes after F" - facilitate genetic exchange between cells (conjugation) - type 4 pili involved in twitching motility
|
| 4 carbon storage polymers |
1. glycogen- sugar 2. polyphosphates 3. **sulfur globules - Sulfur 4. magneto- xmen lots of pwer |
| steps of endospore |
activation germination outgrowth |
| function of dipicolinic acid in endospire complex |
absent in vegetative cells
reduces water activity of endospore**(lots of Ca) |
| function of SASP (small acid solube proteins) |
located in core, binds to dna - protect from UV, desication, dry heat
functions as energy source for growth |
filament of flagella is composed of what
described the movement |
FLAGSSSS -GELLSSS- INNN
roationation (swirling of a flag during ceremony) |
| which cells rather then rotate use gliding motility?? |
lacking flagella for swimming these rod shaped/filament glide (slower but smoother)
"need solid surface " |
| aerotaxis |
| oxygen |
| osmotaxxis |
| ionic strength |
| in chemotaxis (chemical directed movement) attractants and receptors sensed by what? |
| chemoreceptors |
| what is the largest expedient you have seen in the last 30 years. |
