Micro 6 – Microbiology – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
| are places where pathogens can grow or accumalate |
answer
| reservoirs of infectious organisioms |
question
| the various ways pathogens move from place to place |
answer
| mechanisms of transmission |
question
| diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans. ex: rabies and lyme disease |
answer
| zoonotic disease |
question
| is the final requirement in successful infection |
answer
| transmission |
question
| there are 3 potential reservoirs of infection; ________, _______ and ______ |
answer
| humans, animals and nonliving reservoirs |
question
| human reservoirs can be infected people calledq |
answer
| carriers |
question
| nonliving reservoirs are |
answer
| water food and soil |
question
| 3 mechanisms to trasmitt infectious organisms |
answer
| contact, vehicle and vector transmission |
question
| a healthy person is exposed to pathogens either by touching or being close to an infected person or object. subdivision types: direct, indirect and droplet |
answer
| contact transmission |
question
| theres no intermediatary between the infected person and the uninfected person. ex ; touching kissing, sex |
answer
| direct contact transmission |
question
| occurs through intermediates that are ususally nonliving, tissues handkercheifs, towels, bedding, and contaminated needles |
answer
| indirect contact transmission |
question
| nonliving intermediates that act as agents of transmission by indirect contact |
answer
| formites |
question
| csn occur through sneezing coughing or even laughing. confined to smaller distances ex: influenz, whooping cough |
answer
| doplet transmission |
question
| food carrying pathogenic organisms. water, airm blood, body fluids, drugs and intravenous fluids w/ a pathogenic organism hitching a ride on it |
answer
| vehicle transmission |
question
| pathogens are transmitted to a healthy person by a carrier known to be associated w/ some disease. can occur mechanically or biologically. ex: arthropods such as fleas, ticks, lice and mosqitoes |
answer
| vector transmission |
question
| the vector's body parts are contaminated w/ the infecting microorganisms and they are passively brushed off onto the host. ex: flies landing on poop than landing on your food |
answer
| mechanical vector transmission |
question
| occurs in the bite like the ones that caused the bubonic plague that killed 1/3 of europe during the middle ages |
answer
| biological vector transmission |
question
| the lower than normal number of neutrophils in the blood. neutrophiles are important in the host innate immune response |
answer
| neutropenia |
question
| common cause of profounf neutropenia is the admistration of ____________- for the treatment of malignant tumors seen in cancer. drugs side affect render patient temp immunoincomp conseq high risk 4 infections |
answer
| cytotoxic chemotherapy |
question
| the infections primarily associated wq/ neutrapenia are primarily |
answer
| bacteral and fungal |
question
| can begin as soon as the neutriphile level decreases |
answer
| bacterial infection |
question
| can occur only in people who have been beutropenic foe longe periods |
answer
| bacterial infections |
question
| infections cause by candidas albicans present in the human gastrointestinal tract and in the vag can cause ______ in patients w/ neutropenia |
answer
| mucocutaneous candidiasis |
question
| the spores of aspergillus fumigatus, a fungas found in many places and carried in the air, can cause ____________ in neutrapenic patients |
answer
| fungal pneumonia |
question
| when the skin is loss (burn victims) there is a greater chance of this. |
answer
| septicemia |
question
| ___________ are chemicals similar to antibiotics that inhibit the growth of any organisms other than the bacteria that produced them. loss of the resident bacteria allows the entry and growth of pathogens which then cause __________ |
answer
| bacteriocins oppurtunistic infections |
question
| any patient w/ a ________ is susceptible to nosocomial infections |
answer
| break in the skin |
question
| one of the most important parts of the infectious process is the |
answer
| host defense |
question
| some infections are caused by _____________ which are normally harmless but become pathogenic if the condiotions are right |
answer
| opportunistic infections |
question
| the study of factors and mechanisms involved in the frequency and spread of diseases or other health related problems. important part of understanding disease |
answer
| epidemiology |
question
| the # of new cases contracted w/in a set population in a specific period. provides reliable indication of the spread of a particular disease |
answer
| incidence |
question
| the totsl # of people infected w/in a population @ any given time,. this data can measure how serious and long a disease has affected a population |
answer
| prevelence |
question
| of a disease is the # of individuals affected by a disease during a specific period divided by the total population |
answer
| morbity rate |
question
| is the # of deaths due to a specific during a specific period divided by the total population |
answer
| mortality rate |
question
| when epidemiological studies are used to examine parameters such as particular geographic areas and the degree of harm cause by the disease as ___________________________________ |
answer
| sporadic, endemic, epidemic, and pandemic |
question
| occur in random and in an unpredictable manner and dont pose at threat to public health |
answer
| sporadic diseases |
question
| are referrd to diseases that are constantly in the population but in #s too low ot be a public problem. ex: common cold |
answer
| endemic |
question
| when a disease occurs in epidemic proportions throughout the world |
answer
| pandemic |
question
| occurs when the incidence of disease becomes higher than normally expected # of individuals affected by the disease |
answer
| epidemic |
question
| an epidemic outbreak that arises from contact w/ contaminated substances and most commonly occurs when a water supply is contiminated w/ fecal matter or when food is not properly prepared |
answer
| common source outbreaks |
question
| is one that results from amplification of the # of imfected individuals as person to person contacts occur. stay in populations 4 long periods of times and more difficult to control than common source outbreaks |
answer
| propagated epidemics |
question
| there are 2 types of epidemiological studies |
answer
| descriptive and analytical |
question
| are concerned w/ the physical aspects of the patients and the spread of disease. wanna try to pin point the orgin or area or orgin |
answer
| descriptive epidemilogical disease |
question
| the focus is establishing a cause and effect relationship.done in conjunction w/ a control group. |
answer
| analytical studies |
question
| is one which the records of patients who have already contracted the disease are being studied |
answer
| restrospective analytical study |
question
| dont allow the benefit of hindsight; in this type of studydata are analyzed abd collected, consider factors that occur as the epidemic proceeds |
answer
| prospective analytical studies |
question
| they must be reported to the center of disease control in alanta the clearing house for epidemiological research |
answer
| nationally notifiable |
question
| analytical epidemiological studies always contain a control group and can be |
answer
| retrospective or prospective |
question
| one of the most important factors in the infection process is the ______________ |
answer
| immunological compatence of the host |
question
| are more likely in people w/ lowered immunity |
answer
| opppurtunic infections |
question
| nosocomial infections are greatly associated w/ |
answer
| antibiotic-resistant pathogens |
question
| the # of new cases of a disease contracted w/in a set population in a specific period |
answer
| incidence |
question
| the # of people in the population infected @ any given time |
answer
| prevelence |
