Electron Transport Chain Microbiology Flashcard Macine
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| Microbial nutrition |
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| A process by which chemical substances (nutrients) are acquired from the environment and used in cellular activities |
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| All living things require |
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| C,H,O,P,N, and S |
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| Essential nutrient |
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| Any substance that must be provided to an organism |
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| Macronutrients |
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| Required in relatively large quantities and play principal roles in cell structure & metabolism. (C,H,O) |
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| Micronutrients |
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| Aka trace elements, present in smaller amouts and are involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure. (Mn,Zn,Ni) |
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| Carbon sources |
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| Required for producing nearly all cell components. |
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| Heterotroph |
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| Must obtain Carbon from organic sources |
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| Autotroph |
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| Use inorganic CO2 as their carbon source |
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| Nitrogen sources |
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| Necessary for the production of DNA, RNA, ATP, & amino acids. Some bacteria and algae utilize inorganic nitrogenous nutrients. Small number can transform N2 into usable compounds through nitrogen fixation. Must be converted to NH3 (ammonia). |
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| Oxygen sources |
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| Necessary for biomolecule production and ATP synthesis. Can be obtained from both organic and inorganic sources. |
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| Hydrogen sources |
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| Necessary for maintaining pH, forming hydrogen bonds, serving as the source of energy in oxidation-reduction reactions, and production of biomolecules. |
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| Phosphorus Sources |
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| Necessary for the production of DNA,RNA, ATP, and phospholipids. |
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| Sulfur sources |
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| For the production of select amino acids and is vital for tertiary protein structure. Obtained by consuming sulfur-containing organic molecules. |
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| Growth factor |
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| An organic compound that cannot be synthesized by an organism and must be provided as a nutrient. (EX: amino acids, fatty acids, & vitamins) |
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| Phototroph |
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| Microbes that photosynthesize & use light for energy. |
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| Chemotroph |
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| Microbes that gain energy from chemical compounds. |
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| Photoautotroph |
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| Photosynthetic, considered the primary produces on the planet. (EX: cyanobacteria) |
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| Chemoautotroph |
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| Chemical energy from inorganic sources. |
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| Chemoorganic autotroph |
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| Use organic compounds for energy & inorganic compounds as a carbon source. |
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| Lithoautotroph |
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| Rely totally on inorganic minerals. |
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| Methanogens |
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| Produce methane from hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide. |
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| Saprobes |
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| Free-living microorganisms. Feed primarily on organic detritus from DEAD organisms. Primary decomposers on the planet. Rigid cell wall, release enzymes to digest food. |
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| Obligate saprobes |
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| Exist strictly on dead organic matter in soil & water. |
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| Facultative parasite |
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| When a sap robe infects a host, usually when the host in compromised. |
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| Parasite |
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| Chemoheterotroph that derives nutrients from the cells or tissues of a LIVING host. Also called pathogens bc they cause damage to tissues. 3 classifications |
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| Ectoparasites |
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| Live on the body. (ring worm) |
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| Endoparasites |
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| Live in organs & tissues. |
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| Intracellular parasites |
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| Live within cells. (virus) |
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| Obligate parasites |
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| Unable to grow outside of a living host! |
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| Temperature Adaptations |
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| 3 critical temps. Minimum, maximum, & optimal. |
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| Psychrophilic |
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| Optimal temp is -5-15?C. Cannot grow about 20 degrees celsius. Found in frigid ocean waters. |
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| Psychrotrophic |
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| Optimal temp is 20-30?C. Common cause of food spoilages. Found in cool soil and water. |
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| Mesophilic |
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| Accounts for vast majority of medically important microbes. Optimal temp is 20-40?C. Found in soil, water, plants & animals. Some can withstand short periods of higher temp (thermoduric). |
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| Thermophilic |
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| Optimal temp is about 45?C. Some can survive up to 100?C, where most enzymes are destroyed. Found in hot springs, compost heaps and water heaters. |
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| Hyperthermophilic |
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| Optimal temp is 80-120?C. Usually archaea. Found in hydrothermal vents in the ocean floor. |
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| Aerobe |
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| Can use gaseous oxygen in its metabolism & possesses the enzymes needed to process toxic oxygen products. |
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| Obligate aerobe |
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| Cannot grow without oxygen. |
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| Facultative anaerobe |
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| An aerobe that does not require oxygen and is capable of growth in the absence of it. |
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| Microaerophile |
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| Does not grow at normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen but requires a small amount of it in metabolism. |
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| Anaerobe |
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| Lacks the metabolic enzyme systems for using oxygen in respiration. |
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| Obligate anaerobe |
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| Also lacks the enzymes for processing toxic oxygen and cannot tolerate any free oxygen in the immediate environment & will die if exposed to it. |
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| Aerotolerant anaerobe |
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| Does not utilize oxygen but can survive and grow to a limited extent in its presence. |
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| Canophile |
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| Grow best at higher CO2 levels than are normally present in the atmosphere. |
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| Neutrophilic |
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| Prefer pH of 5-8. Don't grow well in extremes bc it inhibits enzyme function. |
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| Acidophilic |
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| Grows best at pH below 5.5. EX: helicobacter & lactobacillus |
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| Alkalophilic |
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| Grow best at pH above 8.5. Found in alkaline lakes and soil. |
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| Facultative halophile |
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| Don't normally reside in high-salt environments but some can survive up to 20% NaCl. (EX: staphylococcus) |
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| Obligate halophile |
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| Requires at least 9% of NaCl but is optimal is ~25% |
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| Binary Fission |
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| Parent cell enlarges & duplicates all it's genetic material. DNA copies move to opposite ends of the cell membrane. New cell wall forms between daughter cells. Cells separate or may remain attached forming chains/clusters. |
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| Generation time |
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| The time required for a complete fission cycle. Average is 30-60 minutes. Range is from 10-20 min to 10-30 days. Most food-borne pathogens take 20-30 min. |
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| Bacteria growth |
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| Is exponential. 2->4->8->16->32 5 phases |
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| Lag Phase |
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| Period of slow or no growth. Cell are producing the molecules necessary for growth. |
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| Log (exponential) phase |
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| Period of optimal growth & reproduction. Will continue as long as there are nutrients and space. |
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| Stationary phase |
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| Cell death balances out cell reproduction. Decreased nutrients, accumulated wastes, increased cell density. |
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| Death phase |
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| Cell death outpaces cell reproduction. Caused by depletion of nutrients. 99% of viable cells die. |
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| Phase of prolonged decline |
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| The "fittest" cells can survive on the nutrients released by dying cells. Can last for months to years. |
