Mic 230 – Microbiology Test Questions – Flashcards
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first microbes evolved when? |
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3.8 billion years ago |
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what did the evolution of the poryphrin ring allow the development of? |
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how did the first cell form? |
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examples of microorganisms having an impact on history? 5 |
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What was a major killer in the civil war? |
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what was the first antibiotic? year? by? |
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penicillin - sir alexander fleming in 1928 |
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How much did the Romans and Greek society know about disease? |
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who discovered the first microbes? when? with what? |
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what did Louis Pasteur do? time frame? |
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Ignaz semmelweis discovered? when? |
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Robert Koch did what? when? |
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Sergei Winogradski did? when? |
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who is the father of modern taxonomy? |
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TaxonomyPhylogeny? |
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How we classify different organisms classification due to evolutionary descendants in the past |
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difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? |
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Prokaryotes- no nucleus, 70s ribosomes, 1 circular chromosome, growth above 80C Eukaryotes - nucleus, membrane bound organelles, linear DNA, introns, 80s ribosomes, sexual reproduction |
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Defining Reference for prokaryotes? |
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Bergey's Manual |
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characteristics of prokaryotes that makes them Adaptable? |
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biochemically diverse growth potential extremely tolerant capable of genetic variation |
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algal characteristics? |
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oxygenic photosynthesis cell walls |
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protozoa characteristics? |
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lack cell walls ingulf food motile by flagella, cilia, amoeboid movement |
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Fungal characteristics? |
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cells walls of chitin produce spores absorb food by extracellular enzymes |
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purpose of cholesterol(eukaryotes) and hapanoids(prokaryotes) in membrane? |
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strengthen, more rigidity |
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archaeal lipids differences? |
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made of isoprenoid alcohols ether linkages can be tetraether lipids, lipid tails connected! |
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functions of the membrane?A-G |
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1. permeability barrier except for water, gases and nonpolar molecules 2. houses proteins 3. transport 4. export of proteins and polysaccharides 5. energy generation 6. motility and chemotaxis 7. biosynthesis |
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3 types of transport? |
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simple transport(uses proton gradient), group translocation(requires PEP), ATP binding Cassette(ABC)requires ATP |
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function of cell wall? |
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confer shape and strength provide elasticity to prevent lysing |
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difference between gram +/-? |
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+ = no outer membrane, 20-40 layers peptidoglycan, no periplasm - = outer membrane, few layers of peptidoglycan, periplasm |
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peptidoglycan composition? |
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N - acetyl glucosamine N - acetyl muramic acid 4-5 AAs |
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molecular arrangement of peptidoglycan? |
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N-AM 4 AA cross linked to adjacent strands |
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what is the target of penicillin, vanomycin and other antibiotics? |
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peptidoglycan synthesis |
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teichoic acids? |
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polymers of alcohols and phosphates attach to peptidoglycan or membrane make envelope of cell negative antigenic |
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what does the outer membrane of a gram negative bacteria do? |
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creates periplasmic space contains porins linked to peptidoglycan by lipoprotein contains liposaccharides |
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gram negative liposaccaride structure?results in? |
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o specific polysaccarride, core polysaccharide, lipid A negative charge, antigenic, endotoxin, binds cations |
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porins in outer membrane result in? |
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small molecules can get through causes membrane to not be a permeability membrane |
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S layers? function? |
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crystalline protein layers outside the wall of gram +/- bacteria antigenic, block other antigens, protect against toxins |
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cell walls of archaea made of? |
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ALL LACK peptidoglycan s layers polysaccharides pseudopeptdoglycan |
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glycocalyx? fxns? |
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highly hydrated polysaccharide layers antigenic, mask antigens, antiphagocytic, attachment, trap nutrients, protect(toxins) |
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pili? uses? |
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protein appendages on cells gene transfer(sex pilus) attachment, antigenic bacteriophage attachment |
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types of motility? |
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flagella, spirochetes, gliding, gas vesicles, twitching |
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flagella structural components? |
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filament, hook, basal body, Mot(ovals outside), Fli (balls inside) |
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How is energy supplied for the flagella motor? On/off? |
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H+ proton gradient flows through mot proteins allowing them to rotate around ms ring. Fli proteins are motor switch |
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chemotaxis? |
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how bacteria respond to certain media |
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attractants repellants? |
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chemicals that attract bacteria chemicals taht repel bacteria |
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molecular mechs of chemotaxis? |
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chemoreceptors detect environment, then transducer proteins send message to flagellar switch (fli proteins)through che proteins which alter tumbling and receptors |
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phototaxis aerotaxis? |
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bacteria that move toward light move toward or away from oxygen |
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characteristics of the endospore?resistant to?why? |
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synthesized inside the cell when nutrients are no longer available resistant to heat, chemicals,radiation, freezing |
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structure of endospore? |
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dehydrated cytoplasm, membrane and typical wall,cortex of moded peptidoglycan, protein spore coat, exosporium |
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when do they exit endospores and germinate? |
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activation by heat if environment becomes suitable again |
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other resting stages |
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fungal and actinomycete spores bacterial cysts both dont survive extreme heat |
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bacterial inclusions?storage products? |
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poly-B-hydroxyalkonate - unique fat-like storage products glycogen, Volutin(polyphosphate), cyanophycin(N), sulfur (source of e-) |
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Inclusions: Magnetosomes? Gas Vesicles? |
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Rows of magnets found in the cytoplasm in aquatic bacteria to orient bacteria in earths magnetic field(swim down) Allow bacteria to float |
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stalks and prostecha |
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st- acellular extensions on cells for attachment pro - cellular extensions that increase SA/V ratio to increase survival in dilute environments, maybe attachment |
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anabolism? requires? |
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metabolic processes that are involved in cell division requires NRG(ATP), substrates, reducing power (NADPH) |
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catabolism? rxns? products? |
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make energy in a usable form either high energy chemical bonds or proton gradient CO2, urea |
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what does a microbe require to reproduce? |
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carbon and energy source |
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types of nutrition classes that use energy source? |
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phototrophs - convert sunlight to E chemoorganotrophs chemicals to organic molecules chemolithotrophs - chemicals to inorganic chemicals |
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carbon source types? |
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heterotrophs - use organic carbon and phototrophy Autotrophs-use CO2 for C and E from light |
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4 types of cell division |
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binary fission budding fragmentation division spore formation |
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steps of binary fission? |
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DNA replication elongation septum formation septum completion, cell separation |
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budding common in? |
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yeasts |
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fragmentation division steps? |
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attachment, penetration, elongation, prey lyses, release of progeny |
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growth rateexponential growth generation time? |
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increase in numbers over time logarithmic curve latent period where cell rests in between divisions |
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4 stages of bacterial growth curve? |
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lag, log, stationary, death |
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secondary metabolism |
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geared toward survival, not reproduction = less E (start to make antibiotics) |
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How can one make a continuous culture? |
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maintain log phase by continually replacing media by using a chemostat |
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why does the culture stop growing and begin to die? 3? |
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run out of nutrients, overcrowding, accumulate toxic products |
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4 ways to measure growth? |
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direct count (microscopic grid count) viable count (plate count) measure mass (dry weight) measure turbidity |
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how many ATP pre glucose via glycolysis? oxidation step? ATP steps? |
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2 ATP at PEP to pyruvate and 1,3 biphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate oxi at glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-biphosphoglycerate |
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lactic acid fermentation bacteria? ethanol? |
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lactic - lactobacillus ehtanol - saccharomyces |
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applications of fermentations? |
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food: beer, wine, cheese, yogurt probiotics, chemicals, ID |
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How many NADH produced in Krebs cycle?steps? |
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8 NADH: pyruvate to acetyl CoA isocitrate to alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA malate to oxaloacetate |
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what else is produced? steps? |
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2 ATP Succinyl CoA to succinate 2 FADH succinate to fumarate |
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respiration? |
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oxidation of an inorganic or organic energy source in which electrons pass down an ETC and are accepted by an external terminal electron acceptor (O2, NO3, SO4) |
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other respiration pathways? |
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FA oxidation Alkanes to FA Aromatic rings to either Acetyl CoA or Succinyl CoA |
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electron carriers in ETC? |
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flavoproteins, Quinones(both accept 2e- and 2 protons) Fe-S proteins Cytochromes |
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ATP synthase components? how does it work? |
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Fo = IMP F1 = IC PMP for every 3 H+ protons that go through it down their conc. gradient and ATP is made. |
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anaerobic respirations? |
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Nitrate Reduction-E. coli reduces NO3 to NO2. Also pseudomonas denitrifies NO3 all the way to N2. Sulfate Reduction-Desulfovibrio reduce SO4 all the way to H2S, not favorable so gains little E. |
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chemolithotrophy |
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bacteria can oxidize inorganic chemicals for energy (mostly aerobic) |
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3 types? |
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Hydrogen oxidation(methanobacterium) Ammonia ox. nitrosomonas sulfur ox. thiobacillus, thiomargaritas |
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purpose of pentose phosphate shunt and calvin cycle? |
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pps-make NADPH and biosynthetic intermeds(5C sugars) cc - make organic matter out of CO2 and intermediates from CO2 |