MGSC 300 Chp 4 – Flashcards

A) central processing unit (CPU)

C) two

A) Quad-processor

C) It supports processing requests from remote computers.

C) server farm

D) bits

A) bytes

B) megabyte

B) terabyte

A) kilobyte

A) hertz

A) volatile

C) magnetic disk

D) its contents are retained

B) volatile

TRUE

TRUE

TRUE

FALSE

TRUE

FALSE

FALSE

TRUE

FALSE

FALSE

FALSE

TRUE

TRUE

FALSE

TRUE

FALSE

TRUE

TRUE

TRUE

Computer hardware consists of electronic components and related gadgetry that input, process, output, and store data according to instructions encoded in computer programs or software. All hardware today has more or less the same components, at least to the level that is important to us. The common types of computer hardware used are: a) Personal computers (PCs): PCs are classic computing devices that are used by individuals. b) Server: It is a computer that is designed to support processing requests from many remote computers and users. c) Clients: PCs, tablets, and smartphones that access servers are called clients. d) Server farm: It is a collection of, typically, thousands of servers.

Every computer has a central processing unit (CPU), which is sometimes called "the brain" of the computer. The CPU selects instructions, processes them, performs arithmetic and logical comparisons, and stores results of operations in memory. Some computers have two or more CPUs. A computer with two CPUs is called a dual-processor computer. Quad-processor computers have four CPUs. Some high-end computers have 16 or more CPUs. CPUs vary in speed, function, and cost. The CPU works in conjunction with main memory. The CPU reads data and instructions from memory, and then stores the results of computations in main memory. In addition to random access memory, RAM, and one or more CPUs, all computers also include storage hardware, which is used to save data and programs.

A server is a computer that is designed to support processing requests from many remote computers and users. Personal computers (PCs), tablets, and smartphones that access servers are called clients. A server is essentially a PC on steroids, and it differs from a PC principally because of what it does. The relationship between PCs and servers is similar to the relationship between clients and servers at a typical restaurant: In short, servers take requests from clients and then bring them things. In restaurants, these things are food, drinks, and silverware. Similarly, in computing environments, servers can send webpages, email, files, or data to PCs or other devices.

C) Internet of Things

D) Fewer accidents will occur

C) More people will use cars and avoid planes or trains.

TRUE

TRUE

The Internet of Things is the idea that objects are becoming connected to the Internet so that they can interact with other devices, applications, or services. In other words, everyday objects are increasingly being embedded with hardware capable of sensing, processing, and transmitting data. These objects can then connect to a network and share data with any other application, service, or device. Over time, mobile phones became smartphones. by adding more processing power, more memory, Internet access, Wi-Fi connectivity, and the ability to interconnect with other devices and applications. People thus began to use their mobile phones much differently than before. This shift also changed the way businesses operate. This shift away from "dumb" devices to interconnected smart devices is not lost on businesses. Consumers like smart devices and are willing to pay more for them. Accordingly, businesses want to improve the existing devices they manufacture into smart devices, and then sell them for twice as much.

B) operating system

B) It comes in particular versions that are written for particular types of hardware.

C) Native applications

A) thin-client applications

B) They mostly run on a single operating system.

C) Linux

B) Windows

D) virtual machines

B) Virtualization

C) use the program

C) Horizontal-market application

A) vertical-market application software

C) one-of-a-kind application software

B) They can be tailored according to an organization's requirements.

A) Firmware

FALSE

FALSE

TRUE

FALSE

FALSE

FALSE

TRUE

TRUE

Every computer has an operating system, which is a program that controls that computer's resources. The functions of an operating system are to read and write data, allocate main memory, perform memory swapping, start and stop programs, respond to error conditions, and facilitate backup and recovery. In addition, the operating system creates and manages the user interface, including the display, keyboard, mouse, and other devices. Although the operating system makes the computer usable, it does little application-specific work. An application program is any program designed to perform a specific function for a user or for another application program. Both clients and servers can process application programs and the application's design determines whether the client, the server, or both, process it. If one wants to check the weather or access a database, he or she needs application programs such as an iPad weather application or Oracle's customer relationship management (CRM) software. Some application programs are general purpose, such as Microsoft Excel or Word. Other application programs provide specific functions.

First, remember that particular versions of an operating system are written for particular types of hardware. For example, Microsoft Windows works only on processors from Intel and from companies that make processors that conform to the Intel instruction set (i.e., the commands that a CPU can process). With other operating systems, such as Linux, many versions exist for many different instruction sets. Second, be aware that two types of application programs exist: native and Web. Native applications are programs that are written to use a particular operating system, while Web applications run within a computer browser and can therefore run on any type of computer.

The four major nonmobile client operating systems are Windows, Mac OS, Unix, and Linux. 1. The most popular operating system is Microsoft Windows. Some version of Windows resides on more than 85 percent of the world's desktops, and when considering just business users, the figure is more than 95 percent. The most recent client version of Windows is Windows 8, a major rewrite of prior versions. 2. Apple Computer, Inc. developed its own operating system for the Macintosh, Mac OS. The current version is Mac OS X Mavericks. Macintosh computers are used primarily by graphic artists and workers in the arts community. 3. Unix is an operating system that was developed at Bell Labs in the 1970s. It has been the workhorse of the scientific and engineering communities since then. 4. Linux is a version of Unix that was developed by the open source community. This community is a loosely coupled group of programmers who mostly volunteer their time to contribute code to develop and maintain Linux. The open source community owns Linux, and there is no fee to use it. Linux can run on client computers, but is by far most popular as a server OS.

Linux is a version of Unix that was developed by the open source community. This community is a loosely coupled group of programmers who mostly volunteer their time to contribute code to develop and maintain Linux. The open source community owns Linux, and there is no fee to use it. Linux can run on client computers, but usually only when budget is of paramount concern. By far, Linux is most popular as a server OS. According to DistroWatch.com, the five most popular versions of Linux as of 2014 were Linux Mint, Ubuntu, Debian GNU/Linux, Mageia, and Fedora.

Virtualization is the process by which one physical computer hosts many different virtual (not literal) computers within it. One operating system, called the host operating system, runs one or more operating systems as applications. Those hosted operating systems are called virtual machines (vm). Each virtual machine has disk space and other resources allocated to it. The host operating system controls the activities of the virtual machines it hosts to prevent them from interfering with one another. With virtualization, each vm is able to operate exactly the same as it would if it were operating in a stand-alone, nonvirtual environment. Three types of virtualization exist: • PC virtualization • Server virtualization • Desktop virtualization

When a person buys a computer program, it does not mean actually buying that program. Instead, he is buying a license, which is the right to use that program. Large organizations do not buy a license for each computer user. Instead, they negotiate a site license, which is a flat fee payment for the right to install the product (operating system or application) on all of that company's computers or on all of the computers at a specific site.

Application software consists of programs that perform a service or a function. Some application programs are general purpose. Other application programs provide specific functions. 1. Horizontal-market application software provides capabilities common across all organizations and industries. Word processors, graphics programs, spreadsheets, and presentation programs are all horizontal-market application software. Examples of such software are Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint. 2. Vertical-market application software serves the needs of a specific industry. Examples of such programs are those used by dental offices to schedule appointments and bill patients. Vertical applications usually can be altered or customized. 3. One-of-a-kind application software is developed for a specific, unique need. The U.S. Department of Defense develops such software, for example, because it has needs that no other organization has.

Custom development is difficult and risky. Staffing and managing teams of software developers is challenging. Managing software projects can be daunting. Many organizations have embarked on application development projects only to find that the projects take twice as long, or longer, to finish than planned. Cost overruns of 200 and 300 percent are not uncommon while developing custom application software.

Firmware is computer software that is installed into devices such as printers, print servers, and various types of communication devices. The computer software is coded just like other software, but it is installed into special, read-only memory in the printer or other device. In this way, the program becomes part of the device's memory; it is as if the program's logic is designed into the device's circuitry. Users do not need to load firmware into the device's memory. Firmware can be changed or upgraded, but this is normally a task for IS professionals. The task is easy, but it requires knowledge of special programs and techniques that most business users choose not to learn.

C) Source code

TRUE

FALSE

FALSE

The term open source means that the source code of the program is available to the public. Source code is computer code as written by humans and that is understandable by humans. Source code is compiled into machine code that is processed by a computer. Machine code is, in general, not understandable by humans and cannot be modified. In a closed source project, like Microsoft Office, the source code is highly protected and only available to trusted employees and carefully vetted contractors. The source code is very well protected. Only those trusted programmers can make changes to a closed source project. With open source, anyone can obtain the source code from the open source project's Web site. Programmers alter or add to this code depending on their interests and goals. In most cases, programmers can incorporate open source code into their own projects. They may be able to resell those projects depending on the type of license agreement the project uses. Open source succeeds because of collaboration. A programmer examines the source code and identifies a need or project that seems interesting. He or she then creates a new feature, redesigns or reprograms an existing feature, or fixes a known problem. That code is then sent to others in the open source project to evaluate the quality and merits of the work and to add it to the product, if appropriate.

A) spreadsheet

B) numbers

A) letters

C) worksheet

C) cell

TRUE

FALSE

FALSE

A spreadsheet is a table of data having rows and columns. The rows are identified by numbers, and the columns are identified by letters. The term spreadsheet almost always refers to an electronic spreadsheet, and most frequently to a spreadsheet that is processed by Microsoft Excel. Electronic spreadsheets provide incredible labor savings over paper spreadsheets and were a major factor in the early adoption of personal computers. In Excel, the term worksheet refers to a spreadsheet. One or more worksheets are combined to form a workbook.

Excel spreadsheets have rows and columns. The rows are identified by numbers, and the columns are identified by letters. Because there are only 26 letters in the alphabet, the following scheme is used to label columns: The letters A through Z identify the first 26 columns; the letters AA through AZ identify the next 26; BA through BZ the next 26; and so forth. The intersection of a row and a column is called a cell. Each cell is identified by the name of its row and column. For example, cell K5 is situated in the column K and row number 5.

D) ribbon

D) INSERT

A) DATA

C) tracking changes and making comments

A) VIEW

B) HOME

FALSE

TRUE

FALSE

TRUE

FALSE

TRUE

A) The formula in G9 can be edited without retyping the entire formula.

C) Excel will display the value 100 in all of those cells.

A) a3, a4, a5, and a6

D) the three cells will display "mar," "apr," and "may," respectively

TRUE

FALSE

FALSE

TRUE

Data can be entered into an Excel worksheet in three ways: 1. Key in the required data - to key in the required data, click on the cell in which the data is to be added, type the data, and press Enter. 2. Let Excel add data based on a pattern - to add data based on a pattern, enter values based on the pattern in one or more cells, select the cell(s), and drag the mouse to the required number of cells. 3. Import data from another program - data can be entered into an Excel worksheet by importing data from another program such as Microsoft Access.

A) To add a column, click the name of the column before which new columns are needed and select as many columns to the right as required.

TRUE

TRUE

To insert new rows in Microsoft Excel, click the number of the row above which new rows are to be inserted and select as many rows as required, left-click, and then select Insert. The new rows would be inserted above the selected row. To add columns in Microsoft Excel, click the name of the column before which new columns are to be inserted, select as many columns to the right as required, right-click, and then select Insert.

B) alignment

TRUE

D) equal

D) a formula that does not start with an equal sign is considered as a text value

A) Add all the values starting from the third cell to eighth cell in the third column.

TRUE

TRUE

Excel can be used to work with a number of built-in and user-created formulas. It has a system in place to highlight areas that need to be corrected and to assign color codes to the cells so that a user can easily see which cells are being used in a given formula. Excel also has the capability to copy formulas and adjust the terms of the formula so that each would refer to cells in the row to which it was copied. Finally, it has a number of preprogrammed activities that allow users to sum figures, average figures, and perform many other calculations by selecting a choice from the Formulas tab.

B) orientation

D) Print area can be used to specify the portion of the spreadsheet to be printed.

TRUE

FALSE