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management

answer

getting work done through others

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efficiency

answer

getting work done with a minimum of effort, expense, or waste

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effectiveness

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accomplishing tasks that help fulfill organizational objectives such as customer service and satisfaction

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planning

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the process of determining the organization's desired future position and deciding how best to get there

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organizing

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the process of designing jobs, grouping jobs into manageable units, and establishing patterns of authority among jobs and groups of jobs

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leading

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the process of motivating members of the organization to work together toward the attainment of organizational goals

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controlling

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the process of monitoring and correcting the actions of the organization and its people to keep them headed toward their goals.

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Mintzber's Managerial Roles

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Interpersonal, Informational, Decisional

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Interpersonal Roles

answer

figurehead, leader, liaison

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Informational Roles

answer

monitor, disseminator, spokesperson

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Decisional Roles

answer

entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, negotiator

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Frederick W. Taylor

answer

Father of Scientific Management

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top managers

answer

executives responsible for the overall direction of the organization

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middle managers

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responsible for setting objectives consistent with top management's goals and for planning and implementing subunit strategies for achieving these objectives

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first-line managers

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train and supervise the performance of nonmanagerial employees who are directly responsible for producing the company's products or services

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team leaders

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managers responsible for facilitating team activities toward goal accomplishment

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figurehead role

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the interpersonal role managers play when they perform ceremonial duties

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leader role

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the interpersonal role managers play when they motivate and encourage workers to accomplish organizational objectives

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liaison role

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the interpersonal role managers play when they deal with people outside their units

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monitor role

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the informational role managers play when they scan their environment for information

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disseminator role

answer

the informational role managers play when they share information with people outside their departments or companies

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spokesperson role

answer

the informational role managers play when they share information with people outside their departments or companies

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entrepreneur role

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the decisional role managers play when they adapt themselves, their subordinates, and their units to change

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disturbance handler role

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the decisional role managers play when they respond to severe problems that demand immediate action

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resource allocator role

answer

managers decide who will get what resources and how many resources they will get

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negotiator role

answer

the decisional role managers play when they negotiate schedules, projects, goals, outcomes, resources, and employee raises

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technical skills

answer

the ability to apply the specialized procedures, techniques, and knowledge required to get the job done

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human skills

answer

the ability to work well with others

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conceptual skills

answer

the ability to see the organization as a whole, understand how the different parts affect each other, and recognize how the company fits into or is affected by its external environment

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motivation to manage

answer

an assessment of how enthusiastic employees are about managing the work of others

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viziers

answer

ancient managers who used the managerial functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling

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classical management

answer

a management theory that emphasized greater workforce productivity

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scientific management

answer

a management theory that concentrates on increasing workforce productivity

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classical organization theory

answer

a theory that concentrates on top-level managers and problems of managing the entire organization

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Gantt Chart

answer

a tool developed by Henry Gantt, that visually depicts the steps in a process, the time and the sequence of steps required to complete the entire project

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bureaucracy

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a management approach based on formal organizational structure with set rules and regulations that rely on the specialization of labor, an authority hierarchy, and rigid promotion and selection criteria

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human relations approach

answer

a behavioral management theory that focuses on individual working in group settings and in which managers and workers are studied in relation to what occurs in the group

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behavioral science

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a behavioral management theory that views workers as much more complex than the "economic man" described int eh classical approach or the "social man" described in the human relations approach

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decision sciences

answer

modern management theories decision making, information systems, mathematics, and statistics to aid in making choices

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production management

answer

a sphere of management science that focuses on manufacturing technology and the flow of material in manufacturing

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operations management

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a sphere of management science that includes the areas of purchasing, materials management, production, inventory and quality control, maintenance, and plant management

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information system

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a computerized system that helps managers make better decisions by permitting them to gather and accurately process large volumes of data

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contingency theory

answer

a management theory describing the unique aspects of the situation that effect performance such as technology adn the environment

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technology

answer

the conversion process used in organizations to transform raw materials into a complete product

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kaizen

answer

the Japanese word for the continuing improvement of everything an organization does

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Theory Z

answer

a management approach, development by William Ouchi in 1981, that combines American and Japanese management practices

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competitive advantage

answer

the advantage that can be gained through lower cost or differentiation

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competitive scope

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the breadth of a firm's target within its industry

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cost leadership

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a strategy that involved keeping costs and prives lower than those of competitors

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differentiation

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a strategy that attempts to improve a firm's competitive position by developing unique products

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cost focus

answer

a competitive strategy that emphasizes gaining advantage through cost control in a narrow market area

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focused differentiation

answer

a competitive strategy that involves providing a competitive and unique product and/or service to a narrow market area

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adaptive learning

answer

according to Peter Senge, an early stage that a firm goes through in becoming a learning organization; characterized by learning through adapting to its successes

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generative learning

answer

according to Peter Senge, a stage that a firm goes through in becoming a learning organization and that requires "seeing the systems" that control events

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Theory X

answer

the assumption that employees dislike work and are lazy and irresponsible, and must be coerced into work

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Theory Y

answer

the assumption that employees are creative, enjoy work, seek responsibility, and can exercise self direction

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problem solving

answer

involves identifying and taking action to resolve problems

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information competency

answer

the ability to gather and use information to solve problems

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performance threat

answer

a situation where something is wrong or likely to be wrong

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performance opportunity

answer

a situation that offers the possibility of a better future if the right steps are taken

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systematic thinking

answer

approach problems in a rational and analytical fashion

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intuitive thinking

answer

approaches problems in a flexible and spontaneous fashion

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certain environment

answer

offers complete information on possible action alternatives and their consequences

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risk environment

answer

lacks complete information but offers probabilities of the likely outcomes for possible action alternatives

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uncertain environment

answer

lacks so much information that it is difficult to assign probabilities to the likely outcomes of alternatives

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decision

answer

a choice among possible alternative courses of action

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programmed decision

answer

applies a solution from past experience to a routine problem

question

nonprogrammed decision

answer

applies a specific solution that has been crafted to address a unique problem

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Decision Making Process

answer

1. define the problem 2. generate alternatives 3. consider pro's and con's 4. select an alternative 5. implement 6. evaluate

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ethics

answer

sets standards of good or bad, or right or wrong, in our conduct

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ethical behavior

answer

"right" or "good" in the context of a governing moral code

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values

answer

broad beliefs about what is appropriate behavior

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terminal values

answer

preferences about desired end states

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instrumental values

answer

preferences regarding the means to desired ends

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utilitarian view

answer

ethical behavior delivers the greatest good to the most people

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individualism view

answer

ethical behavior advances long-term self-interests

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justice view

answer

ethical behavior treats people impartially and fairly

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procedural justice

answer

focuses on the fair application of policies and rules

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distributive justice

answer

focuses on treating people the same regardless of personal characteristics

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interactional justice

answer

the degree to which others are treated with dignity and respect

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utilitarian approach

answer

moral decisions are those which produce the greatest good for the greatest number. decision maker optimizes satisfaction for the greatest number of people

question

individualism approach

answer

aka Egoism. acts are ethical when they promote the individual's best long-term interest

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moral rights approach

answer

people have fundamental rights and liberties that cannot be taken away. the ethically correct decision is the one that best maintains the rights of those affected

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justice approach

answer

distributive justice, procedural justice, and compensatory justice

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distributive justice

answer

requires that different treatment of treatment of people not be based on arbitrary characteristics

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procedural justice

answer

requires that rules be clearly stated and consistently and impartially enforced

question

compensatory justice

answer

argues that the party responsibly should compensate injured individuals

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normative ethics

answer

how you should behave

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descriptive ethics

answer

how people really behave

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universalism

answer

individuals should uphold certain values regardless of the immediate result

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teleology

answer

considers an act to be morally right or acceptable if it produces a desired result

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deontology

answer

focuses on people's intentions not the consequences of their actions

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relativism

answer

defines ethical behavior based on opinions and behaviors of relevant other people

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virtue ethics

answer

suggests that what is moral must also come from what a mature person with "good" moral character would deem right

question

virtue ethics

answer

suggests that what is moral must also come from what a mature person with "good" moral character would deem right

MGMT 301 Exam 1 – Flashcards

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