question

What is the difference in the roles of an OT and OTA?

answer

Occupational Therapists interpret the treatment plan and Occupational Therapy Assistants implement the treatment plan.

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What is the OT work for perform?

answer

Function

question

What is the function of theory in Occupational Therapy?

answer

To guide the practice.

question

What is the lowest level in which you can use the ACL?

answer

3

question

The ACL works with working memory.

answer

The ACL works with working memory.

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Mental Health

answer

A balanced and satisfying life. Balance between work, rest and play.

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Mental Disorder/Illness

answer

Behavioral or psychological syndrome that causes distress, painful symptoms and impairment in normal independent function.

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Transinstitutionalized

answer

Persons with chronic psychiatric disorders were moved from one kind of institution (psychiatric hospitals) into other kinds of institutions (jails, prisons, nursing homes) and not into the community at all.

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Intensive Psychiatric Rehabilitation Treatment

answer

Goal is helping persons with mental disorders to function at their best in the environment of their choice.

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NAMI

answer

National Alliance on Mental Illness. Advocate for appropriate housing, community care, supported employment and other services for persons with mental illness.

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Mental Health Parity

answer

A proposed public policy that would require insurance companies to reimburse for mental health care to the same extent as they would physical health care.

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Behavioral Therapy

answer

Techniques used with the mentally ill to diminish acting out and promote healthy behaviors by enforcing limits on undesirable behavior.

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Theory of Cognitive Disabilities

answer

Developed by Claudia Allen. A person's performance in a task indicates the quality of his or her thought. Cognitive ability affects motor task.

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Model of Human Occupation

answer

Developed by Gary Kielhoffer. Proposes that human response to the environment is formed from volition (motivation), habituation (roles and habits) and performance (skills of the brain and body).

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Cognitive Disability

answer

Lack or impairment in the ability to carry out motor actions caused by a disturbance in the thinking process.

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Cognitive Level

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Automatic, postural, manual, goal directed, exploratory and planned actions.

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Routine Tasks

answer

Activities of Daily Living. Grooming, dressing, bathing, feeding toileting, preparing food, spending money, walking.

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Task Demands

answer

The degree of complexity present in materials, tools and skills needed to perform a task. They range from simple (eating a sandwich) to complex (sorting out retirement plans).

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Task Abilities

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What the person can do successfully.

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Task Environment

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The people, object and spaces in which a person performs a task. Psychological and emotional aspects must be considered.

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Task Directions

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Oral written or demonstrated instruction about how to perform the task.

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Environmental Compensation

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Modification of the environment to permit successful completion of a task. Seating a distracting person away from other people.

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Routine Task Inventory

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A checklist used as a guide for observing and classifying a person's task abilities and cognitive level. It covers 32 specific tasks and 8 unspecified tasks.

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Allen Cognitive Level Test

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An evaluation in which the person is asked to imitate the therapists's demonstration of leather lacing stitches graded in complexity from the running stitch to the cordovan.

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Competence

answer

A legal term meaning having sufficient mental ability to manage one's own financial affairs, safeguard one's own interests and understand right from wrong.

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Mary Reilly

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Introduces concepts that Kielhoffner pulled from to create the Model of Human Occupation.

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Adolph Meyer

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A physician. one of the founders of occupational therapy, Moral Treatment Era, humane treatment. Mentally ill would benefit with a regular daily routine by contributing to their own care.

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Gail Fidler

answer

Began to use activities to evaluate their patient's emotional and psychological defenses.

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Lorna Jean King

answer

Sensory integration theory and methods. Poor functioning could be attributed to errors in sensory processing.

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Claudia Allen

answer

Developed the Theory of Cognitive Disabilities. Identified 6 levels of cognitive functioning. Proposed that a person's performance in a task indicates the quality of their thought.

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Florence Clark

answer

Occupational Science. Systematic study of the occupational nature of humans. 1980s

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Gary Kielhoffner

answer

Developed the Model of Human Occupation which provides a broad view of human occupation in relation to health. Volition -motivation, habituation-brushing your teeth and performance.

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What effects might involvement in occupation have on mental health?

answer

It can reverse the negative cycle of inactivity and disease. Helping the client explore, discover, master and manage occupations that give the patient's life purpose is essential.

question

What are some historical challenges in OT practice in mental health?

answer

Lack of evidence based practice, OT shortages, physician referral, insurance, state practice acts.

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What was the impact of Medicaid and Medicare legislation in 1965 on the practice of mental health?

answer

If shifted the responsibility for funding the care of the seriously mental ill from the state government to the federal government once patients were discharged from the state hospitals.

question

Why does Allen use crafts as an assessment tool?

answer

Because they are unfamiliar to people. It causes them to engage in problem solving and to anticipate what happens next.

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Cognitive Performance Test

answer

Evaluates patients using real world skills. Examples: dressing for wet weather, shopping, making toast.

question

Allen Diagnostic Module

answer

Entire book of activities broken down by level to assess abilities. Developed to provide alternate tasks to evaluate and re-evaluate cognitive levels to avoid the practice effect.

question

What does Allen state are the proper roles of OT?

answer

Identify the cognitive level, monitor changes in the cognitive level (medications) and adapt the environment to help the person compensate for or accommodate to his or her disability. This may include caregiver instruction and training.

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Theory of Object Relations

answer

A psychoanalytic theory developed by Sigmund Freud. Believed that mental health and mental illness are determined by our relations with objects in our environment.

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Id

answer

The part of the personality that contains drive, sense of exploration. Present since birth. Baby's need to feed.

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Ego

answer

The part of the personality that regulates behavior by compromising between the id, superego and reality. Woman on a diet walks by a bakery.

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Superego

answer

The part of the personality that contains standards of behavior. What you are taught in your childhood becomes a part of your personality.

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Defense Mechanism

answer

Any of several methods used by the ego to control anxiety and conflict. All defense mechanisms operate unconsciously.

question

Types of Defense Mechanisms

answer

Denial, Projection, Regression, Idealization and Compensation.

question

Denial

answer

Refusing to believe something that causes anxiety. A mother plans for her child who is mentally retarded to become a doctor.

question

Projection

answer

Believing that an unacceptable feeling belongs to someone else. A self-isolating patient in a work group says that other patients won't talk to them.

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Regression

answer

Going back to an immature pattern of behavior. A 7 year old child who is hospitalized for major surgery begins to walk on tiptoes and sucks his thumb.

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Idealization

answer

Overestimating someone or valuing him or her more than the real personality and person seem to merit. A woman says that the group leader is the most handsome and kindest man in the world.

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Compensation

answer

Efforts to make up for personal deficits; this can also be a conscious effort. A woman, blind from birth, learns to travel without a cane or any other aid.

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Developmental Theory

answer

Erikson, Piaget and Gesell. A person matures through a series of stages that occur in a fixed sequence. Crawl before you can walk.

question

Developmental Lag

answer

A delay in development demonstrated by failure to master a developmental task.

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Gradation

answer

Erikson's Theory. Learning through successively more challenging and complex stages.

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Behavioral Theory

answer

Pavlov, Russian physiologist. All behavior is learned. Behaviors that have pleasurable results tend to be repeated.

question

Action-consequence

answer

A therapist tries to change a person's behavior (action) by changing the consequences of the behavior.

question

shaping

answer

Method of approaching the terminal behavior (the goal for the end of the treatment) gradually using a series of steps (successive approximations) that lead to the goal.

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Forward Chaining

answer

Chaining that starts with the first step.

question

Backward Chaining

answer

Chaining that starts with the last step. Believed to be more effective than forward chaining.

question

Extinction

answer

Discouraging an undesired behavior by removing any reinforcement. A therapist's ignoring a child's temper tantrum instead of responding to it. This is called planned ignoring.

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

answer

Based on the work of psychiatrist, Aaron Beck. Human behavior is based on what we think and believe. What we think (cognition) determines how we act (behavior).

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Automatic thoughts

answer

Thoughts that occur involuntary and that are provoked by specific events and situations. For persons with psychiatric disorders, these thoughts are often negative and based on faulty reasoning.

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Cognitive distortions or cognitive errors

answer

Errors in reasoning such as over generalization, all or nothing and personalization.

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Self-talk

answer

One's personal cognition or internal thoughts. One of the goals of cognitive behavior theory is to identify negative, maladaptive self-talk and replaced it with positive adaptive self-talk.

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Cognitive Rehearsal

answer

The technique of carrying out a task in one's imagination.

question

Self-monitoring

answer

Noting and recording cognitions and the events that precede them.

question

Client Centered Theory

answer

Developed by psychologist, Carl Rogers. Concerned with the individual's view of life and with helping people find satisfaction in whatever way makes the most sense to them.

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Unconditional positive regard

answer

A sense conveyed by the therapist that he or she accepts, likes and respects the patient regardless of the patient's feelings or actions.

question

Open questions

answer

Questions designed to require more than a one-word answer. Encourages the client to talk freely and at length.

question

Closed questions

answer

Questions that require only one or two word answers and limit self expression because the person is likely to stop after that. Has little therapeutic value.

question

minimal response

answer

Shows that the therapist is listening to the client and the client should go on talking.

question

Reflection of Feeling

answer

The therapist puts the client's feelings in to words and helps them experience the emotional content.

question

Paraphrasing

answer

The therapists restatement of the story conveyed by the client.

question

Withholding Judgement

answer

The therapist is not to give opinions on the client's behavior, feelings or intentions.

question

MOHO

answer

Model of Human Occupation. Gives a good basic design for understanding the occupational nature of human beings.

question

Open system

answer

Any system that is capable of influencing and being influenced by its environment.

question

Human Occupation

answer

A fundamental aspect of being human. This is the process of exploring, responding to and mastering the environment through activity. Interacting among the human , the task and the environment contribute to occupational behavior.

question

Occupational Adaptation

answer

The construction of a positive occupational identity.

question

Volition

answer

Motivation

question

Personal Causation

answer

The individual's sense of his or her own competence and ability to be effective.

question

Values

answer

Internalized images of what is good, right and important.

question

Interests

answer

Personal preferences in activity or people. Interests are pleasurable and motivate actions accordingly.

question

Habituation

answer

Patterns and routines. Habits and internalized roles.

question

Habits

answer

Automatic routines carried out so frequently that they can be done without any conscious effort.

question

Habit Map

answer

An internalized set of rules guiding habits.

question

Performance Capacity

answer

Contains the ability to do all things.

question

What does a theory provide to the Occupational Therapy Practitioners?

answer

Ideas about what to do in a situation with a patient.

question

What does the Theory of Object Relations (Freud) identify as the three parts of the personality and list characteristics.

answer

Id, Superego and Ego

question

In the Theory of Object Relations, what is the purpose of defense mechanisms?

answer

To ward off or defend against anxiety and other uncomfortable feelings.

question

In the Theory of Object Relations, how does understanding the various defense mechanisms help the occupational therapy assistant in treatment interventions?

answer

It helps the occupational therapy assistant speculate why someone is behaving in a certain way and then helps provide and effective response.

question

In the Theory of Object Relations, what happen when the ego cannot resolve unconscious conflict?

answer

Anxiety becomes overwhelming and the ego cannot operate normally. This breakdown of edo functions is recognized as mental illness.

question

In the Developmental Theory, what techniques does a therapist use to fill gaps when there is a developmental lag?

answer

A. Designs situations that will facilitate growth in the deficient area. B. Creates conditions that encourage growth.

question

In the Developmental Theory, what makes the concept of gradation a good treatment intervention technique for working with persons who have poor social relationships and inadequate skills?

answer

A. Focus on solving problems and acquiring skills. B. Increasing challenge and complex stages.

question

In the Developmental Theory, which specific theorist is most prominent?

answer

Erikson

question

List and describe the 8 stages of Psychosocial Development according to Erikson:

answer

Basic Trust versus Mistrust. Birth to 18 months. If the baby has a nurturing mother, it will grow up to trust others.

question

Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt

answer

2-4 years. Sense of self direction.

question

Initiative versus Guilt

answer

3 years . Imitates adults. Try out new ways of doing things and develops a sense of self direction.

question

Industry versus Inferiority

answer

6-12 years. Sense of competence.

question

Identity versus Role Confusion

answer

Adolescence. Rebellion against parents. Teenagers try to assert a separate identity.

question

Intimacy versus Isolation

answer

Young adulthood. Find a suitable partner in life.

question

Generativity versus stagnation

answer

Middle adulthood. Look toward the future. Trying to make a contribution. Child rearing.

question

Ego Integrity versus Despair

answer

Old age. Evaluate life's choices. Face the prospect of death.

question

List two basic tenet of Behavioral Theories.

answer

A. Behaviors that have pleasurable results tend to be repeated. B. Actions that have negative or unpleasant consequences tend not to be repeated.

question

Who are the two individuals that are recognized in Behavioral Theories?

answer

Skinner and Pavlov.

question

In Cognitive Behavioral Theory, what leads to unsuccessful behaviors?

answer

Maladaptive patterns and thinking. Negative thoughts and negative feelings.

question

Name some cognitive behavioral techniques that can be used with clients:

answer

Challenging and modifying negative automatic thoughts. Challenging and modifying underlying assumptions. Identify behaviors. Investigate the consequences of behaviors. Evaluate the effectiveness of behaviors and make changes. Role playing. Teaching of behaviors.

question

What are the major anger management techniques according to Taylor?

answer

Monitor physiological arousal. Practice arousal control methods. Monitor escalating self talk. Promote calming self-talk. Identification of anger arousing stimuli. Strategies to avoid these conditions.

question

What are the four concepts in Client Centered therapy?

answer

The human being possesses the potential for directing their own growth and development. People direct their own lives. Mental health problems occur when a person is not aware of feelings and the available choices. A person can become more aware of feelings and choices.

question

What is the key to the Client Centered Approach?

answer

The client's relationship with a warm, empathetic therapist.

question

What are examples of treatment under the Neuroscience theory?

answer

Chemotherapy, psychosurgery and electroconclusive therapy (shock treatment).

question

What are the three OT Theories that are related to Neuroscience theory?

answer

Lorna Jean King Sensory Integration Approach. Claudia Allen. Brown.

question

Understand the Psychiatric Rehabilitation Theory

answer

Functioning adequately in the environment of one's choice is possible for everyone. To function successfully, one must possess both the skills and resources needed to do so. Perons with a chronic psychiatric disorder lack the necessary skills for functioning in their chosen environment.

question

What are the 10 principles of the Role Acquisition Model?

answer

Client Participation. The person should participate in identifying problems and goals for treatment and in evaluating his or her own progress.

question

Personalized goals

answer

Choose goals and activities that reflect the client's interests, personal and cultural values, and present and future life roles.

question

Ability based goals

answer

Choose goals and activities that provide a realistic challenge, but are consistent with the client's present level of ability.

question

Increasing challenges

answer

Increase challenges and demands as the person's capacity increases.

question

Naural Progression

answer

Present skills in their natural developmental sequence.

question

Client knowledge

answer

Clients should always know what they are supposed to be leaning and why.

question

Client Awareness

answer

Clients should be made aware of the effects of their actions.

question

Practice Makes Perfect

answer

Skills must be practiced repeatedly and then applied to new situations.

question

Parts of the Whole

answer

If a task is too complex or time consuming to learn all at one time, teach one part at a time but always do or show the whole activity.

question

Imitation

answer

People learn how to do things by imitating others.

question

What are examples of how social skills negatively impact daily functioning?

answer

Fail to make eye contact or respond to questions, may speak too loudly or stand too close or say bizarre things.

question

List and describe the four groups of social skills:

answer

Self expressive-stating feelings, opinions, values.

question

Other-enhancing

answer

Giving compliments, smiling, giving support.

question

Assertive Skills

answer

Making requests, Disagreeing with others, setting limits.

question

Communication

answer

Controlling the tone of your voice. Articulation. Choosing proper words for a situation.

question

What are the four distinct phases of social skills training sessions?

answer

Motivation, demonstration, practice and feedback.

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