Medieval History UMD HIST 111 – Flashcards
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Tacticus
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wrote about the Germans to contrast w/ Romans who he didn't like...made them seem great in contrast, and since Germans didn't keep records, one of the best sources of Germanic life we have, although it's biased. Germania - published in 98 CE
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Charles Martel
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Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732 CE; ended Muslim threat to western Europe.
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Charlemagne
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800 CE crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy.
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Clovis I
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The most successful ruler in the Merovingian family. 481 - 511 CE. Founded France, made Paris its capital. Unified the Franks.
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Visigoths
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A Germanic tribe who settled primarily in Spain; the first such group to lay siege to Rome
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Vandals
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A member of a Germanic people that overran Gaul, Spain, and northern Africa in the fourth and fifth centuries CE. and sacked Rome in 455.
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Ostrogoths
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A Germanic tribe that attacked Rome in 476 CE. The Leader was Odoacar, who kicked out the last Roman Emperor.
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Justinian
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Byzantine emperor in the 6th century CE. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code.
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Arianism
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A heresy common during the first Christian centuries that denied that Jesus was truly God; named after Arius, a priest and popular preacher from Alexandria, Egypt.
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Gauls
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Name given to the peoples of Northern Italy and France who were the archenemies of the ancient Romans
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Merovingian Dynasty
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a Frankish dynasty founded by Clovis I that reigned in Gaul and Germany from about 500 to 750 AD.
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St. Augustine
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597- Most famous missionary, established a monastery at Canterbury, 1st Archbishop of Canterbury
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Saxons
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Germanic people. During the 5th century ad groups from these communities migrated to Britain either by invitation or invasion and in due course founded kingdoms.
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Monasticism
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A way of living the Gospel in which men and women live in community and devote themselves to prayer, work, and learning.
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St. Benedict
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Called the Father of Western Monasticism because his self-sufficient monasteries helped bring stability to Europe
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Asceticism
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A way of living, often out of religious motivation, that is marked by self-denial, self-discipline, and austerity.
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Abbot
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Head of a monastery.
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Radegund
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6th century Merovingian princess, founded monasteries. Known for extreme asceticism and very religious.
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Gregory of Tours
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bishop of Tours; He is the main contemporary source for Merovingian history; wrote the History of the Franks.
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Einhard
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was a Frankish courtier, a dedicated servant of Charlemagne, of whom he wrote his famous biography.
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Pepin III
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also called Pepin the Short; son of Charles Martel; wanted to be king; cooperated with pope; agreed to fight Lombards; pope anointed Pepin as "king by grace of God"; this began the Carolingian Dynasty.
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Carolingian Dynasty
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A series of Frankish rulers including Pepin and Charlemagne lasting from 751 to 987 CE.
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Franco-Papal Alliance
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Pepin was crowned king in the eight century, giving the Papacy new protection against the Lombards.
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Louis the Pious
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Charlemagne's only surviving son (814-840) his sons divided empire into 3 bringing end to Carolingian empire.
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Carolingian Renaissance
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period of intellectual, cultural, and economic revival occurring in the late eighth and ninth centuries, with the peak of the activities occurring during the reigns of both Charlemagne and Louis the Pious.
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Comitatus
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Bond of loyalty between warriors and their king.
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Islamic Expansion
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632-750 C.E, Driven by a religious fervor focused by the concept of jihad and the idea of a unified community, or umma, the Muslims quickly expanded.
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Nestorian Christianity
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an early form of Christianity, founded on heresy which asserted that Christ had two distinct natures - divine and human.
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Byzantine Iconoclasm
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A belief that the practice of worshiping and honoring objects such as icons was sinful. (8th century and 9th century).
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Iconoclast
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A person who attacks and ridicules cherished figures, ideas, and institutions
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Iconophiles
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lovers/supports of religious images
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Abd Al-rahman
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He crossed the arabian peninsula into spain and was accpeted into Cordoba as unquestioned leader. He set up to Ummyyad Cordoba Caliphate in Spain.
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Mozorab
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spanish people who chose to live under Arab rule after the Muslim invasion of Spain in 711 CE.
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al-Andalus
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Iberian Peninsula by the Moors; medieval Muslim state in parts of Spain, Portugal, Gibraltor, and France.
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zoroastrianism
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Persian religion founded by Zoroaster; taught that humans had the freedom to choose between right and wrong, and that goodness would triumph in the end. Existed in the Sasanian Empire.
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Muhammed
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570-632, born in Mecca, orphan, was 40 when recieved first revelation from Allah, founder of Islam.
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King Witiza
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Allowed the Muslims to take over Iberia.
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Eulogius
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A spanish Writer and martyr who was opposed to any feeling of affinity with muslim culture. Advocated using missiology of martyrdom to confront islam. in 859 he himself was killed while sheltering a young woman who had converted to christianity from Islam .
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Muwallads
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Christians who converted to Islam.
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jizya
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tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion.
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Aethelred the Unready
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The vikings' bitch. (11th century)
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Leif Erickson
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Son of Eric the Red; 1000CE- lead an exploratory party to modern Newfoundland; Leif called it Vinland b/c of wild grapes growing in the region.
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Norse Mythology
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This consists of tales of various deities, beings, and heroes derived from numerous sources from both before and after the pagan period, including medieval manuscripts, archaeological representations, and folk tradition.
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Sven Forkbeard
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Kills Aethelred.
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Normans
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A member of a Viking people who raided and then settled in the French province later known as Normandy, and who invaded England in 1066.
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William the Conqueror
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1027-1087 Norman king in 1066 he defeated Harold Godwinson, the Anglo-Saxon king, to become the first Norman king of England.
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Harold Godwinson
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Most powerful noble, became king of england in 1066 after death of Edward the Confessor, ruled for brief time until defeated and killed at the Battle of Hastings.
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Battle of Hastings
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1066 battle between Harold and William for throne of England.
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Domesday Book
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A record of all the property and holdings in England commissioned by William the Conqueror in late 11th century so he could determine the extent of his lands and wealth.
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Motte and Bailey Castle
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Early type of castle developed in the 800's. A tower built on a hill (motte) a wooden bridge connected the motte to the (bailey) a courtyard surrounded by a fence.
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Emma of Normandy
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Widow of Aethelred whom Canute marries. She felt that since she had the praised marriage that her children were worth more to the kingdom.
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Cnut the Great
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Viking king of Denmark, tried to reconcile English and Danes.
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Battle of Civitate
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The battle between William of Hauteville (Normans) and Pope Leo IX (Papal Army). 1053 CE. This shows that the Normans are a force to be reckoned.
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Roger II
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1103-1154. was King of Sicily, son of Roger I of Sicily and successor to his brother Simon. He began his rule as Count of Sicily in 1105, later became Duke of Apulia and Calabria (1127), then King of Sicily (1130). By the time of his death at the age of 58, Roger had succeeded in uniting all the Norman conquests in Italy into one kingdom with a strong centralized government.built a strong state with highly centralized government. equal treatment of people.
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Feudalism
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A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land.
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Manorialism
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An economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord. It developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production.
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fief
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An estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service and loyalty.
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Investiture
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When a lord or king has a vassal swear fealty to them under the feudal system. Kings doing this with bishops caused confusion over who the bishop owed allegiance to: King vs. Pope.
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Pope Gregory VII
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reformed a lot and determined to challenge secular authority. He caused a lot of conflict and was admired by many and hated by many. He banned lay investiture, which angered Henry IV.
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Henry IV
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Holy Roman Emperor who argued with the Pope Gregory VII over lay investiture.
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Clerical Celibacy
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roman catholic priest may never marry. It is believed living an unmarried life and embracing chasity that priest have greater freedom to serve their flocks., in which clergy, monastics and those in religious orders adopt a celibate life.
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Simony
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The act of selling church positions and offices. Important issue during the investiture conflict.
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Canonical Election
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Pope Gregory VII changed it so that the pope could only be elected by cardinals of rome. this made it so that popes could only be appointed within the church and popes could not be placed into power by outside forces, as they had been several times before.
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Peace of God
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Agreement signed by lords and kings across Europe not to harm clergy or peasantry during wars in an attempt to stave violence of mercenary soldiers.
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Truce of God
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Agreement signed by lords and kings across Europe not to wage war, carry weapons, or do other violent acts during specific days of the week and holy days.
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Second Lateran Council
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1139 first arms control treaty banning crossbows against christians.
