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anaplasia

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A change in the structure and orientation of cells, characterized by a loss of differentiation and reversion to a more primitive state

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anatomical position

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The standard reference position for the body as a whole: the person is standing with arms at the sides and palms turned forward; the individual's head and feet are also pointing forward

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Pertaining to the front of the body or toward the belly of the body

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aplasia

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A development failure resulting in the absence of any organ

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cardiac muscle

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The muscle that makes up the muscular wall of the heart

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caudal

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pertaining to the tail

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cell

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The smallest and most numerous structural unit of living matter

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cell membrane

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The semipermeable barrier that is the outer covering of a cell

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cervical vertebrae

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the first seven segments of the spinal column; identified as C1 through C7

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chromosomes

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The threadlike structures within the nucleus that control the functions of growth, repair, and reproduction for the body

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coccyx

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The tailbone. Located at the end of the vertebral column, the coccyx results from the fusion of four individual coccygeal bones in the child

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connective tissue

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Tissue that supports and binds other body tissue and parts

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cranial

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Pertaining to the skull or cranium

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cranial cavity

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The cavity that contains the brain

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cytology

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The study of cells

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cystoplasm

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A gel-like substance that surrounds the nucleus of a cell. The cytoplasm contains cell organs, called organelles, which carry out the essential functions of the cell.

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deep

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Away from the surface and toward the inside of the body

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distal

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Away from or farthest from the trunk of the body or farthest from the point of origin of a body part

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dorsal

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Pertaining to the back

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dorsum

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The back or posterior surface of a part; in the foot, the top of the foot

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dysplasia

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Any abnormal development of tissues or organs

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epigastric region

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The region of the abdomen located between the right and left hypochrondriac regions in the upper section of the abdomen, beneath the cartilage of the ribs

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epithelial tissue

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The tissue that covers the internal and external organs of the body; it also lines the vessels, body cavities, glands, and body organs

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frontal plane

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Any of the vertical planes passing through the body from the head to the feet, perpendicular to the sagittal planes and dividing the body into front and back portions

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genes

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Segments of chromosomes that transmit hereditary characteristics

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histologist

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A medical scientist who specializes in the study of tissues.

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hyperplasia

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An increase in the number of cells of a body part

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hypochondriac region

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The right and left regions of the upper abdomen. beneath the cartilage of the lower ribs; located on either side of the epigastric region

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hypogastric region

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The middle section of the lower abdomen, beneath the umbilical region

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hypoplasia

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Incomplete or underdeveloped organ or tissue, usually the result of a decrease in the number of cells

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inferior

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Below or downward toward the tail or feet

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inguinal region

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The right or left regions of the lower section of the abdomen; also call the iliac region

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intervertebral disc

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A flat, circular, plate-like structure of cartilage that serves as a cushion (or shock absorber) between the vertebrae

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lateral

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Toward the side of the body, away from the midline of the body

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long axis

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the long axis of the body; the imaginary line created by directing a vertical line through the middle of the body from the top of the head to a space equidistant between the feet; essentially the midline of the body

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lumbar region

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The righ and left regions of the middle section of the abdomen

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lumbar vertebrae

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The largest and strongest of the vertebrae of the spinal column, located in the lower back. Consist of five large segments of the moveable part of the spinal column; identified L1 through L5

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lysosomes

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Cell organs (or organelles) that contain various types of enzymes that function in intracellular digestion. Lysosomes destroy bacteria by digesting them

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McBurney's point

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A point on the right side of the abdomen, about two-thirds of the distance between the umbilicus and the anterior bony prominence of the hip

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medial

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Toward the midline of the body

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mediolateral

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Pertaining to the middle and side of a structure

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membrane

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A thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space, such as the abdominal membrane that lines the abdominal wall

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midline of the body

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The imaginary "line" created when the body is divided into equal right and left halves

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midsagittal plane

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The plane that divides the body (or a structure) into right and left equal portions

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mitochondria

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Cell organelles which provide the energy needed by the cell to carry on its essential functions

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Munro's point

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A point on the left side of the abdomen, about halfway between the umbilicus and the anterior bony prominence of the hip

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muscle tissue

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The tissue capable of producing movement of the parts and organs of the body by contracting and relaxing its fibers

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navel

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The umbilicus; the belly button

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neoplasia

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The new and abnormal development of cells that may be benign or malignant

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nervous tissue

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Tissue that transmits impulses throughout the body, thereby activating, coordinating, and controlling the many functions of the body

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nucleus

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The central controlling body with a living cell that is enclosed within the cell membrane

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organ

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Tissues arranged together to perform a special function

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pelvic cavity

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The lower front cavity of the body, located beneath the abdominal cavity; contains the urinary bladder and reproductive organs

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peritoneum

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A specific serous membrane that cover the entire abdominal wall of the body and is reflected over the contained viscera

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plane

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Imaginary slices (or cuts) made through the body as if a dividing sheet were passed through the body at a particular angle and in a particular direction, permitting a view from a different angle

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plantar

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Pertaining to the sole or bottom of the foot

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posterior

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Pertaining to the back of the body

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pronation

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A movement that allows the palms of the hands to turn downward and backward

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prone

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Lying facedown on the abdomen

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proximal

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Toward or nearest to the trunk of the body or nearest to the point of origin of a body part

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ribosomes

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Cell organelles that synthesize proteins; often called the cell's "protein factories"

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sacrum

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The singular triangular-shaped bone that results from the fusion of the five individual sacral bones of the child

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skeletal muscle

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Muscle that is attached to bone and is responsible for the movement of the skeleton

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smooth muscle

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Muscle found in the walls of the hollow internal organs of the body such as the stomach and intestines

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spinal cavity

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The cavity that contains the nerves of the spinal cord; also known as the spinal canal

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superficial

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Pertaining to the surface of the body or near the surface

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superior

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Above or upward toward the head

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supination

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A movement that allows the palms of the hands to turn upwards or forward

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supine

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Lying horizontally on the back, faceup

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system

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Organs that work together to perform the many functions of the body

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thoracic cavity

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The chest cavity, which contains the lungs, heart, aorta, esophagus, and trachea

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thoracic vertebrae

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The second segment of 12 vertebrae that make up the vertebral bones of the chest; identified as T1 through T12

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tissue

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A group of cells that performs specialized functions

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transverse plane

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Any of the planes cutting across the body perpendicular to the sagittal and the frontal planes, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions

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umbilical region

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The region of the abdomen located in the middle section of the abdomen, between the right and left lumbar regions and directly beneath the epigastric region

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umbilicus

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The navel; belly button

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ventral

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Pertaining to the front; belly side

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visceral

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Pertaining to the internal organs

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visceral muscle

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See smooth muscle

Medical Terminology Whole Body Chapter 4 – Flashcards

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